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To date, no pandemic emergence of a new influenza strain has been preceded by detection of a closely related precursor in an animal or human. Nonetheless, influenza surveillance efforts are expanding, prompting a need for tools to assess the pandemic risk posed by a detected virus. The goal would be to use genetic sequence and\/or biological assays of viral traits to identify those non-human influenza viruses with the greatest risk of evolving into pandemic threats, and\/or to understand drivers of such evolution, to prioritize pandemic prevention or response measures. 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