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Using the gnotobiotic zebrafish, we discovered that the normal expansion of the pancreatic \u03b2 cell population during early larval development requires the intestinal microbiota and that specific bacterial members can restore normal \u03b2 cell numbers. These bacteria share a gene that encodes a previously undescribed protein, named herein BefA (\u03b2 Cell Expansion Factor A), which is sufficient to induce \u03b2 cell proliferation in developing zebrafish larvae. Homologs of BefA are present in several human-associated bacterial species, and we show that they have conserved capacity to stimulate \u03b2 cell proliferation in larval zebrafish. Our findings highlight a role for the microbiota in early pancreatic \u03b2 cell development and suggest a possible basis for the association between low diversity childhood fecal microbiota and increased diabetes risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.20145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,12]],"date-time":"2016-12-12T19:18:12Z","timestamp":1481570292000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":116,"title":["A conserved bacterial protein induces pancreatic beta cell expansion during zebrafish development"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Jennifer Hampton","family":"Hill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric A","family":"Franzosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics Department, Harvard T. H. 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