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Homology has been proposed between glomus cells, which are neural crest-derived, and the hypoxia-sensitive \u2018neuroepithelial cells\u2019 (NECs) of fish gills, whose embryonic origin is unknown. NECs have also been likened to PNECs, which differentiate in situ within lung airway epithelia. Using genetic lineage-tracing and neural crest-deficient mutants in zebrafish, and physical fate-mapping in frog and lamprey, we find that NECs are not neural crest-derived, but endoderm-derived, like PNECs, whose endodermal origin we confirm. We discover neural crest-derived catecholaminergic cells associated with zebrafish pharyngeal arch blood vessels, and propose a new model for amniote hypoxia-sensitive cell evolution: endoderm-derived NECs were retained as PNECs, while the carotid body evolved via the aggregation of neural crest-derived catecholaminergic (chromaffin) cells already associated with blood vessels in anamniote pharyngeal arches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.21231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,7]],"date-time":"2017-04-07T08:00:17Z","timestamp":1491552017000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Evolution of the hypoxia-sensitive cells involved in amniote respiratory reflexes"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Dorit","family":"Hockman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, 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