{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T09:44:14Z","timestamp":1789811054674,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,17]],"date-time":"2018-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1516147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,17]],"date-time":"2018-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1516147200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,17]],"date-time":"2018-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1516147200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"H2020 European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["337573"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["337573"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>The occipital cortex of early blind individuals (EB) activates during speech processing, challenging the notion of a hard-wired neurobiology of language. But, at what stage of speech processing do occipital regions participate in EB? Here we demonstrate that parieto-occipital regions in EB enhance their synchronization to acoustic fluctuations in human speech in the theta-range (corresponding to syllabic rate), irrespective of speech intelligibility. Crucially, enhanced synchronization to the intelligibility of speech was selectively observed in primary visual cortex in EB, suggesting that this region is at the interface between speech perception and comprehension. Moreover, EB showed overall enhanced functional connectivity between temporal and occipital cortices that are sensitive to speech intelligibility and altered directionality when compared to the sighted group. These findings suggest that the occipital cortex of the blind adopts an architecture that allows the tracking of speech material, and therefore does not fully abstract from the reorganized sensory inputs it receives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.31640","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,17]],"date-time":"2018-01-17T08:00:14Z","timestamp":1516176014000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Neuronal populations in the occipital cortex of the blind synchronize to the temporal dynamics of speech"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Markus Johannes","family":"Van Ackeren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Mind\/Brain Studies, University of Trento, Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4445-4402","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Francesca M","family":"Barbero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of research in Psychology, University of Louvain, Louvain, Belgium"},{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience, University of Louvain, Louvain, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Mattioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Mind\/Brain Studies, University of Trento, Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7941-7762","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Roberto","family":"Bottini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Mind\/Brain Studies, University of Trento, Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1882-3550","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Olivier","family":"Collignon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Mind\/Brain Studies, University of Trento, Trento, Italy"},{"name":"Institute of research in Psychology, University of Louvain, Louvain, Belgium"},{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience, University of Louvain, Louvain, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3958","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0187-08.2008","article-title":"Right-hemisphere auditory cortex is dominant for coding syllable patterns in speech","volume":"28","author":"Abrams","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.03.006","article-title":"The right hemisphere is highlighted in connected natural speech production and perception","volume":"152","author":"Alexandrou","year":"2017","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1328","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the occipital pole interferes with verbal processing in blind subjects","volume":"7","author":"Amedi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3233\/RNN-2010-0503","article-title":"Cortical activity during tactile exploration of objects in blind and sighted humans","volume":"28","author":"Amedi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1072","article-title":"Early 'visual' cortex activation correlates with superior verbal memory performance in the blind","volume":"6","author":"Amedi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e64553","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064553","article-title":"Repetition suppression for speech processing in the associative occipital and parietal cortex of congenitally blind adults","volume":"8","author":"Arnaud","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2017.03.008","article-title":"Structural neuroplasticity of the superior temporal plane in early and late blindness","volume":"170","author":"Atilgan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9924(99)00015-5","article-title":"Language and the infant brain","volume":"32","author":"Bates","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Communication Disorders"},{"key":"bib9","first-page":"205","volume-title":"Biol Knowl Revisit From Neurogenes to Psychogenes","volume":"9351","author":"Bates","year":"2005"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4429","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1014818108","article-title":"Language processing in the occipital cortex of congenitally blind adults","volume":"108","author":"Bedny","year":"2011","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11674","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0634-15.2015","article-title":"\"Visual\" cortex responds to spoken language in blind children","volume":"35","author":"Bedny","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2017.06.003","article-title":"Evidence from blindness for a cognitively pluripotent cortex","volume":"21","author":"Bedny","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1162\/089892998562834","article-title":"Lateralization of speech and auditory temporal processing","volume":"10","author":"Belin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E6437","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1618287114","article-title":"Functional selectivity for face processing in the temporal voice area of early deaf individuals","volume":"114","author":"Benetti","year":"2017","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2012.12.002","article-title":"Evolution, brain, and the nature of language","volume":"17","author":"Berwick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1409","article-title":"Hierarchical and asymmetric temporal sensitivity in human auditory cortices","volume":"8","author":"Boemio","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21442","article-title":"The pace of prosodic phrasing couples the listener's cortex to the reader's voice","volume":"34","author":"Bourguignon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21076","article-title":"Hearing faces: how the infant brain matches the face it sees with the speech it hears","volume":"21","author":"Bristow","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1002\/icd.249","article-title":"Three-month-old infants learn arbitrary auditory-visual pairings between voices and faces","volume":"10","author":"Brookes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infant and Child Development"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00279.2003","article-title":"Dissociating cortical regions activated by semantic and phonological tasks: a FMRI study in blind and sighted people","volume":"90","author":"Burton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2011.12.032","article-title":"Recognition memory for Braille or spoken words: an fMRI study in early blind","volume":"1438","author":"Burton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3359","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00129.2002","article-title":"Adaptive changes in early and late blind: a FMRI study of verb generation to heard nouns","volume":"88","author":"Burton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4005","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-10-04005.2003","article-title":"Visual cortex activity in early and late blind people","volume":"23","author":"Burton","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1038\/nn0703-657","article-title":"Cortical hierarchy turned on its head","volume":"6","author":"B\u00fcchel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1126\/science.276.5312.593","article-title":"Activation of auditory cortex during silent lipreading","volume":"276","author":"Calvert","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000436","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000436","article-title":"The natural statistics of audiovisual speech","volume":"5","author":"Chandrasekaran","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Computational Biology"},{"key":"bib27","volume-title":"Reflections on Language","author":"Chomsky","year":"1976"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2769","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt176","article-title":"Impact of blindness onset on the functional organization and the connectivity of the occipital cortex","volume":"136","author":"Collignon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.07.036","article-title":"Long-lasting crossmodal cortical reorganization triggered by brief postnatal visual deprivation","volume":"25","author":"Collignon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4435","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1013928108","article-title":"Functional specialization for auditory-spatial processing in the occipital cortex of congenitally blind humans","volume":"108","author":"Collignon","year":"2011","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-008-1553-z","article-title":"Cross-modal plasticity for the spatial processing of sounds in visually deprived subjects","volume":"192","author":"Collignon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3423","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-08-03423.2003","article-title":"Hierarchical processing in spoken language comprehension","volume":"23","author":"Davis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6539","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3267-16.2017","article-title":"The hierarchical cortical organization of human speech processing","volume":"37","author":"de Heer","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00807","article-title":"Occipital cortex of blind individuals is functionally coupled with executive control areas of frontal cortex","volume":"27","author":"Deen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.05.011","article-title":"Nature and nurture in language acquisition: anatomical and functional brain-imaging studies in infants","volume":"29","author":"Dehaene-Lambertz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-14-74","article-title":"Ultra-fast speech comprehension in blind subjects engages primary visual cortex, fusiform gyrus, and pulvinar - a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study","volume":"14","author":"Dietrich","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00311","article-title":"Cortical entrainment to continuous speech: functional roles and interpretations","volume":"8","author":"Ding","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.04.027","article-title":"Auditory motion in the sighted and blind: Early visual deprivation triggers a large-scale imbalance between auditory and \"visual\" brain regions","volume":"134","author":"Dormal","year":"2016","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/5929.001.0001","volume-title":"Rethinking Innateness: Connectionist Perspective on Development","author":"Elman","year":"1996"},{"key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5749","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-13-05749.2002","article-title":"Anatomical evidence of multimodal integration in primate striate cortex","volume":"22","author":"Falchier","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3962","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhu283","article-title":"Brain network connectivity during language comprehension: interacting linguistic and perceptual subsystems","volume":"25","author":"Fonteneau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2006.04.008","article-title":"Is neocortex essentially multisensory?","volume":"10","author":"Ghazanfar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24763","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.24763","article-title":"Contributions of local speech encoding and functional connectivity to audio-visual speech perception","volume":"6","author":"Giordano","year":"2017","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3063","article-title":"Cortical oscillations and speech processing: emerging computational principles and operations","volume":"15","author":"Giraud","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001752","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001752","article-title":"Speech rhythms and multiplexed oscillatory sensory coding in the human brain","volume":"11","author":"Gross","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Biology"},{"key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.98.2.694","article-title":"Dynamic imaging of coherent sources: Studying neural interactions in the human brain","volume":"98","author":"Gross","year":"2001","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2015.05.006","article-title":"Origins of the specialization for letters and numbers in ventral occipitotemporal cortex","volume":"19","author":"Hannagan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.12.048","article-title":"Congenital blindness is associated with large-scale reorganization of anatomical networks","volume":"128","author":"Hasson","year":"2016","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.04.051","article-title":"Selectivity for large nonmanipulable objects in scene-selective visual cortex does not require visual experience","volume":"79","author":"He","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2113","article-title":"The cortical organization of speech processing","volume":"8","author":"Hickok","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-014-9341-9","article-title":"Right is not always wrong: DTI and fMRI evidence for the reliance of reading comprehension on language-comprehension networks in the right hemisphere","volume":"9","author":"Horowitz-Kraus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Imaging and Behavior"},{"key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00324","article-title":"Early blindness results in developmental plasticity for auditory motion processing within auditory and occipital cortex","volume":"10","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.01.008","article-title":"Spike-phase coding boosts and stabilizes information carried by spatial and temporal spike patterns","volume":"61","author":"Kayser","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhm187","article-title":"Visual modulation of neurons in auditory cortex","volume":"18","author":"Kayser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14691","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2243-15.2015","article-title":"Irregular speech rate dissociates auditory cortical entrainment, evoked responses, and frontal alpha","volume":"35","author":"Kayser","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12798","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2384-10.2010","article-title":"Corticocortical connections mediate primary visual cortex responses to auditory stimulation in the blind","volume":"30","author":"Klinge","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7146899","article-title":"The bimodal perception of speech in infancy","volume":"218","author":"Kuhl","year":"1982","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11442","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0804275105","article-title":"Electrophysiological evidence of illusory audiovisual speech percept in human infants","volume":"105","author":"Kushnerenko","year":"2008","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0193(1999)8:4<194::AID-HBM4>3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"Measuring phase synchrony in brain signals","volume":"8","author":"Lachaux","year":"1999","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.12.011","article-title":"Neuronal oscillations and multisensory interaction in primary auditory cortex","volume":"53","author":"Lakatos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(98)80042-1","article-title":"Feedforward, horizontal, and feedback processing in the visual cortex","volume":"8","author":"Lamme","year":"1998","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Neurobiology"},{"key":"bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12859","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1256-15.2015","article-title":"\"Visual\" cortex of congenitally blind adults responds to syntactic movement","volume":"35","author":"Lane","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6771","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0602027103","article-title":"The decline of cross-species intersensory perception in human infants","volume":"103","author":"Lewkowicz","year":"2006","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1114783109","article-title":"Infants deploy selective attention to the mouth of a talking face when learning speech","volume":"109","author":"Lewkowicz","year":"2012","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-7078.2009.00005.x","article-title":"Intersensory perception at birth: newborns match nonhuman primate faces and voices","volume":"15","author":"Lewkowicz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infancy"},{"key":"bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00226","article-title":"Infants' perception of the audible, visible, and bimodal attributes of multimodal syllables","volume":"71","author":"Lewkowicz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015579","article-title":"Infant perception of audio-visual speech synchrony","volume":"46","author":"Lewkowicz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.11.034","article-title":"Neuromagnetic localization of rhythmic activity in the human brain: a comparison of three methods","volume":"25","author":"Liljestr\u00f6m","year":"2005","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000445","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000445","article-title":"Auditory cortex tracks both auditory and visual stimulus dynamics using low-frequency neuronal phase modulation","volume":"8","author":"Luo","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Biology"},{"key":"bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.06.004","article-title":"Phase patterns of neuronal responses reliably discriminate speech in human auditory cortex","volume":"54","author":"Luo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200006050-00026","article-title":"Silent speechreading in the absence of scanner noise: an event-related fMRI study","volume":"11","author":"MacSweeney","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2000.0393","article-title":"Dispersed activation in the left temporal cortex for speech-reading in congenitally deaf people","volume":"268","author":"MacSweeney","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"key":"bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11020","article-title":"Selective cortical representation of attended speaker in multi-talker speech perception","volume":"485","author":"Mesgarani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib74","first-page":"677","article-title":"Comprehension of ultra-fast speech\u2013blind vs.\u2019normally hearing\u2019 persons","author":"Moos","year":"2007","unstructured":"Moos A, Trouvain J. 2007. Comprehension of ultra-fast speech\u2013blind vs.\u2019normally hearing\u2019 persons. Proc 16th Int Congr Phonetic Sci."},{"key":"bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2016.05.003","article-title":"Multisensory processes: a balancing act across the lifespan","volume":"39","author":"Murray","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"key":"bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhg083","article-title":"Defining a left-lateralized response specific to intelligible speech using fMRI","volume":"13","author":"Narain","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13963","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2605-11.2011","article-title":"Neural correlates of interindividual differences in children's audiovisual speech perception","volume":"31","author":"Nath","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.3109\/00206098109072719","article-title":"Do the blind hear better? investigations on auditory processing in congenital or early acquired blindness II. central functions","volume":"20","author":"Niemeyer","year":"1981","journal-title":"International Journal of Audiology"},{"key":"bib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234101","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.100.234101","article-title":"Robustly estimating the flow direction of information in complex physical systems","volume":"100","author":"Nolte","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physical Review Letters"},{"key":"bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3637","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/48\/22\/002","article-title":"The magnetic lead field theorem in the quasi-static approximation and its use for magnetoencephalography forward calculation in realistic volume conductors","volume":"48","author":"Nolte","year":"2003","journal-title":"Physics in Medicine and Biology"},{"key":"bib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8116","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1290-08.2008","article-title":"Bilateral speech comprehension reflects differential sensitivity to spectral and temporal features","volume":"28","author":"Obleser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2486","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp318","article-title":"Hierarchical organization of human auditory cortex: evidence from acoustic invariance in the response to intelligible speech","volume":"20","author":"Okada","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"bib83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.04.049","article-title":"Frontal top-down signals increase coupling of auditory low-frequency oscillations to continuous speech in human listeners","volume":"25","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"bib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14521","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.14521","article-title":"Lip movements entrain the observers' low-frequency brain oscillations to facilitate speech intelligibility","volume":"5","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"bib85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-7687.00271","article-title":"Two-month-old infants match phonetic information in lips and voice","volume":"6","author":"Patterson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"key":"bib86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00411","article-title":"Tool selectivity in left occipitotemporal cortex develops without vision","volume":"25","author":"Peelen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2012.00320","article-title":"Neural oscillations carry speech rhythm through to comprehension","volume":"3","author":"Peelle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"bib88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhs118","article-title":"Phase-locked responses to speech in human auditory cortex are enhanced during comprehension","volume":"23","author":"Peelle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"bib89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2486","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2010.00051","article-title":"Hierarchical processing for speech in human auditory cortex and beyond","volume":"4","author":"Peelle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1353\/lan.2011.0057","article-title":"Across-language perspective on speech information rate","volume":"87","author":"Pellegrino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Language"},{"key":"bib91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5658","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0400707101","article-title":"Beyond sensory images: Object-based representation in the human ventral pathway","volume":"101","author":"Pietrini","year":"2004","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2007.2160","article-title":"Speech perception at the interface of neurobiology and linguistics","volume":"363","author":"Poeppel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"key":"bib93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(02)00107-3","article-title":"The analysis of speech in different temporal integration windows: cerebral lateralization as \u2018asymmetric sampling in time\u2019","volume":"41","author":"Poeppel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Speech Communication"},{"key":"bib94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.11.036","article-title":"Auditory motion perception activates visual motion areas in early blind subjects","volume":"31","author":"Poirier","year":"2006","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"bib95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10598","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0904134106","article-title":"Narrowing of intersensory speech perception in infancy","volume":"106","author":"Pons","year":"2009","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2011.01.040","article-title":"A ventral visual stream reading center independent of visual experience","volume":"21","author":"Reich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"bib97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2933","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhm018","article-title":"The effect of visual experience on the development of functional architecture in hMT+","volume":"17","author":"Ricciardi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"bib98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2933","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhm018","article-title":"The effect of visual experience on the development of functional architecture in hMT+","volume":"17","author":"Ricciardi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"bib99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhi009","article-title":"The neural mechanisms of speech comprehension: fMRI studies of semantic ambiguity","volume":"15","author":"Rodd","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"bib100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2010.07.005","article-title":"The role of domain-general frontal systems in language comprehension: evidence from dual-task interference and semantic ambiguity","volume":"115","author":"Rodd","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"key":"bib101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03211902","article-title":"The McGurk effect in infants","volume":"59","author":"Rosenblum","year":"1997","journal-title":"Perception & Psychophysics"},{"key":"bib102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhl024","article-title":"Do you see what I am saying? Exploring visual enhancement of speech comprehension in noisy environments","volume":"17","author":"Ross","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"bib103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2002.02147.x","article-title":"Speech processing activates visual cortex in congenitally blind humans","volume":"16","author":"R\u00f6der","year":"2002","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1038\/380526a0","article-title":"Activation of the primary visual cortex by Braille reading in blind subjects","volume":"380","author":"Sadato","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws014","article-title":"Functionally specific oscillatory activity correlates between visual and auditory cortex in the blind","volume":"135","author":"Schepers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"bib106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2008.01.002","article-title":"Neuronal oscillations and visual amplification of speech","volume":"12","author":"Schroeder","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"bib107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2008.09.012","article-title":"Low-frequency neuronal oscillations as instruments of sensory selection","volume":"32","author":"Schroeder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"key":"bib108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003743","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003743","article-title":"No, there is no 150 ms lead of visual speech on auditory speech, but a range of audiovisual asynchronies varying from small audio lead to large audio lag","volume":"10","author":"Schwartz","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Computational Biology"},{"key":"bib109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2400","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.12.2400","article-title":"Identification of a pathway for intelligible speech in the left temporal lobe","volume":"123","author":"Scott","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"bib110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1126\/science.270.5234.303","article-title":"Speech recognition with primarily temporal cues","volume":"270","author":"Shannon","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"bib111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.03.061","article-title":"Threshold-free cluster enhancement: addressing problems of smoothing, threshold dependence and localisation in cluster inference","volume":"44","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"bib112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.11.015","article-title":"Ten simple rules for dynamic causal modeling","volume":"49","author":"Stephan","year":"2010","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"bib113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv083","article-title":"Functional connectivity of visual cortex in the blind follows retinotopic organization principles","volume":"138","author":"Striem-Amit","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"bib114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15787","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1416-11.2011","article-title":"The laminar and temporal structure of stimulus information in the phase of field potentials of auditory cortex","volume":"31","author":"Szymanski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1109\/10.623056","article-title":"Localization of brain electrical activity via linearly constrained minimum variance spatial filtering","volume":"44","author":"Van Veen","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering"},{"key":"bib116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00388","article-title":"Speech through ears and eyes: interfacing the senses with the supramodal brain","volume":"4","author":"van Wassenhove","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"bib117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18867","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0906049106","article-title":"Five-month-old infants' identification of the sources of vocalizations","volume":"106","author":"Vouloumanos","year":"2009","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2664","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-07-02664.2000","article-title":"A positron emission tomographic study of auditory localization in the congenitally blind","volume":"20","author":"Weeks","year":"2000","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1137686","article-title":"Visual language discrimination in infancy","volume":"316","author":"Weikum","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"bib120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3675-12.2013","article-title":"Visual input enhances selective speech envelope tracking in auditory cortex at a \"cocktail party\"","volume":"33","author":"Zion Golumbic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.12.037","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying selective neuronal tracking of attended speech at a \"cocktail party\"","volume":"77","author":"Zion Golumbic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bib122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3484-14.2015","article-title":"Selective perceptual phase entrainment to speech rhythm in the absence of spectral energy fluctuations","volume":"35","author":"Zoefel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"}],"container-title":["eLife"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/cdn.elifesciences.org\/articles\/31640\/elife-31640-v3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/cdn.elifesciences.org\/articles\/31640\/elife-31640-v3.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/elifesciences.org\/articles\/31640","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T03:43:29Z","timestamp":1719978209000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/elifesciences.org\/articles\/31640"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,17]]},"references-count":122,"alternative-id":["10.7554\/eLife.31640"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.31640","archive":["CLOCKSS"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.31640.010","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.31640.011","asserted-by":"object"}],"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/186338","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2050-084X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-084X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,17]]},"article-number":"e31640"}}