{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:56:55Z","timestamp":1790834215547,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,2]],"date-time":"2019-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,2]],"date-time":"2019-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556755200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,2]],"date-time":"2019-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556755200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["109312\/Z\/15\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109312\/Z\/15\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/N01507X\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/N01507X\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000278","name":"Department for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000278","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI132547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI132547"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"American Society for Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","award":["Burroughs Wellcome Fund-ASTMH Postdoctoral Fellowship in Tropical Infectious Diseases"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Burroughs Wellcome Fund-ASTMH Postdoctoral Fellowship in Tropical Infectious Diseases"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000861","name":"Burroughs Wellcome Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Burroughs Wellcome Fund-ASTMH Postdoctoral Fellowship in Tropical Infectious Diseases"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Burroughs Wellcome Fund-ASTMH Postdoctoral Fellowship in Tropical Infectious Diseases"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000861","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000761","name":"Imperial College London","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000761","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ten countries have reported pfhrp2\/pfhrp3 gene deletions since the first observation of pfhrp2-deleted parasites in 2012. In a previous study (Watson et al., 2017), we characterised the drivers selecting for pfhrp2\/3 deletions and mapped the regions in Africa with the greatest selection pressure. In February 2018, the World Health Organization issued guidance on investigating suspected false-negative rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) due to pfhrp2\/3 deletions. However, no guidance is provided regarding the timing of investigations. Failure to consider seasonal variation could cause premature decisions to switch to alternative RDTs. In response, we have extended our methods and predict that the prevalence of false-negative RDTs due to pfhrp2\/3 deletions is highest when sampling from younger individuals during the beginning of the rainy season. We conclude by producing a map of the regions impacted by seasonal fluctuations in pfhrp2\/3 deletions and a database identifying optimum sampling intervals to support malaria control programmes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.40339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,2]],"date-time":"2019-05-02T08:00:15Z","timestamp":1556784015000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Impact of seasonal variations in Plasmodium falciparum malaria transmission on the surveillance of pfhrp2 gene deletions"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2374-0741","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Oliver John","family":"Watson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Verity","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azra C","family":"Ghani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tini","family":"Garske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoinette","family":"Tshefu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melchior K","family":"Mwandagalirwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School for Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven R","family":"Meshnick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School for Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan B","family":"Parr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah C","family":"Slater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1086\/432010","article-title":"Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium falciparum Histidine\u2010Rich Protein 2 (PfHRP2) and Its Effect on the Performance of PfHRP2\u2010Based Rapid Diagnostic Tests","volume":"192","author":"Baker","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2403.171723","article-title":"Major threat to malaria control programs by Plasmodium falciparum Lacking Histidine-Rich Protein 2, Eritrea","volume":"24","author":"Berhane","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1879","article-title":"Estimating the potential public health impact of seasonal malaria chemoprevention in african children","volume":"3","author":"Cairns","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0839-4","article-title":"Seasonality in malaria transmission: implications for case-management with long-acting artemisinin combination therapy in sub-Saharan africa","volume":"14","author":"Cairns","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malaria Journal"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-283","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum parasites lacking histidine-rich protein 2 and 3: a review and recommendations for accurate reporting","volume":"13","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malaria Journal"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix094","article-title":"Implications of parasites lacking plasmodium falciparum Histidine-Rich protein 2 on malaria morbidity and control when rapid diagnostic tests are used for diagnosis","volume":"215","author":"Gatton","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176346391","article-title":"On Chi-Squared tests for multiway contingency tables with cell proportions estimated from survey data","volume":"12","author":"Jnk","year":"1984","journal-title":"Annals of Statistics"},{"key":"bib8","article-title":"Seasonal changes in the frequency of false negative rapid diagnostic tests based on histidine rich protein 2 (HRP2)","volume":"89","author":"Koita","year":"2013","journal-title":"The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2017.09.004","article-title":"Identification of plasmodium falciparum isolates lacking histidine-rich protein 2 and 3 in Eritrea","volume":"55","author":"Menegon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infection, Genetics and Evolution"},{"key":"bib10","volume-title":"Demographic And Health Survey (DRC-DHSII) Supplemental Malaria Report 2015","author":"Meshnick","year":"2013","unstructured":"Meshnick S, Janko M, Thwai K, Levitz L, Emch M. 2013. Adrian Pingstone. Demographic And Health Survey (DRC-DHSII) Supplemental Malaria Report 2015. https:\/\/dhsprogram.com\/pubs\/pdf\/FR300\/FR300.Mal.pdf."},{"key":"bib11","article-title":"Climate Prediction Center - International Desks\u00a0","author":"National Weather Service Climate Prediction Center","year":"2010","unstructured":"National Weather Service Climate Prediction Center. 2010. Climate Prediction Center - International Desks\u00a0. https:\/\/www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov\/products\/international\/ [Accessed July 1, 2010]."},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2241","article-title":"Factors determining the occurrence of submicroscopic malaria infections and their relevance for control","volume":"3","author":"Okell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw538","article-title":"Pfhrp2-Deleted plasmodium falciparum parasites in the democratic republic of the Congo: a national Cross-sectional survey","volume":"216","author":"Parr","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"bib14","article-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Development Core Team","year":"2016","unstructured":"R Development Core Team. 2016. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. http:\/\/www.r-project.org\/."},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.25008","article-title":"Modelling the drivers of the spread of plasmodium falciparum hrp2 gene deletions in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"6","author":"Watson","year":"2017","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"bib16","article-title":"hrp2malaRia","volume-title":"GitHub","author":"Watson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Watson OJ. 2019. hrp2malaRia. GitHub. 4d992a0. https:\/\/github.com\/OJWatson\/hrp2malaRia."},{"key":"bib17","volume-title":"World Malaria Report","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2018","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2018a. World Health Organization. World Malaria Report. https:\/\/www.who.int\/malaria\/publications\/world-malaria-report-2018\/en\/."},{"key":"bib18","article-title":"Malaria threats map","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2018","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2018b. Malaria threats map. http:\/\/www.who.int\/malaria\/maps\/threats-about\/en\/ [Accessed May 1, 2018]."},{"key":"bib19","article-title":"Protocol for estimating the prevalence of pfhrp2\/pfhrp3 gene deletions among symptomatic falciparum patients with false-negative RDT results","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2018","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2018c. Protocol for estimating the prevalence of pfhrp2\/pfhrp3 gene deletions among symptomatic falciparum patients with false-negative RDT results. http:\/\/www.who.int\/malaria\/publications\/atoz\/hrp2-deletion-protocol\/en\/ [Accessed March 16, 2018]."}],"container-title":["eLife"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/cdn.elifesciences.org\/articles\/40339\/elife-40339-v2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/cdn.elifesciences.org\/articles\/40339\/elife-40339-v2.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/elifesciences.org\/articles\/40339","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T20:50:27Z","timestamp":1697057427000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/elifesciences.org\/articles\/40339"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,2]]},"references-count":19,"alternative-id":["10.7554\/eLife.40339"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.40339","archive":["CLOCKSS"],"relation":{"references":[{"id-type":"uri","id":"https:\/\/map.ox.ac.uk\/explorer\/#\/explorer","asserted-by":"subject"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.40339.016","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.40339.017","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2050-084X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-084X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,2]]},"article-number":"e40339"}}