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This limits their application to the study of adult human neuromuscular junction (NMJ) development, a process requiring maturation of muscle fibers in the presence of motor neuron endplates. Here we describe a three-dimensional (3D) co-culture method whereby human muscle progenitors mixed with human pluripotent stem cell-derived motor neurons self-organize to form functional NMJ connections. Functional connectivity between motor neuron endplates and muscle fibers is confirmed with calcium imaging and electrophysiological recordings. Notably, we only observed epsilon acetylcholine receptor subunit protein upregulation and activity in 3D co-cultures. Further, 3D co-culture treatments with myasthenia gravis patient sera shows the ease of studying human disease with the system. Hence, this work offers a simple method to model and evaluate adult human NMJ de novo development or disease in culture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.44530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]],"date-time":"2019-05-13T20:00:24Z","timestamp":1557777624000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":253,"title":["A 3D culture model of innervated human skeletal muscle enables studies of the adult neuromuscular junction"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Mohsen","family":"Afshar Bakooshli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ethan S","family":"Lippmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United 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