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Systemic hyper-inflammation is characteristic in people with TB and concurrent DM (TBDM) at baseline, but the impact of TB treatment on this pattern has not been determined. We measured 17 plasma cytokines and growth factors in longitudinal cohorts of Indian and Brazilian pulmonary TB patients with or without DM. Principal component analysis revealed virtually complete separation of TBDM from TB individuals in both cohorts at baseline, with hyper-inflammation in TBDM that continued through treatment completion at six months. By one year after treatment completion, there was substantial convergence of mediator levels between groups within the India cohort. Non-resolving systemic inflammation in TBDM comorbidity could reflect delayed lesion sterilization or non-resolving sterile inflammation. Either mechanism portends unfavorable long-term outcomes including risk for recurrent TB and for damaging immune pathology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.46477","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,4]],"date-time":"2019-07-04T09:37:17Z","timestamp":1562233037000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Persistent inflammation during anti-tuberculosis treatment with diabetes comorbidity"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Nathella Pavan","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiyoshi F","family":"Fukutani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER), Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 Silveira, Salvador, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto Gon\u00e7alo Moniz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculdade de Tecnologia e Ci\u00eancias, Salvador, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basavaradhya S","family":"Shruthi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prof. M. 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