{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:19:46Z","timestamp":1790813986762,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,16]],"date-time":"2019-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,16]],"date-time":"2019-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563235200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,16]],"date-time":"2019-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000381","name":"Multiple Sclerosis Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Center Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Center Grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000381","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000861","name":"Burroughs Wellcome Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Investigator of Pathogenesis"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Investigator of Pathogenesis"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000861","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32HD007491"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32HD007491"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG047956"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG047956"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006415","name":"Ben B. and Iris M. Margolis Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006415","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GM007464"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GM007464"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI055434"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI055434"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI123106-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI123106-04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP2AT008746-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP2AT008746-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Symbiotic microbes impact the function and development of the central nervous system (CNS); however, little is known about the contribution of the microbiota during viral-induced neurologic damage. We identify that commensals aid in host defense following infection with a neurotropic virus through enhancing microglia function. Germfree mice or animals that receive antibiotics are unable to control viral replication within the brain leading to increased paralysis. Microglia derived from germfree or antibiotic-treated animals cannot stimulate viral-specific immunity and microglia depletion leads to worsened demyelination. Oral administration of toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands to virally infected germfree mice limits neurologic damage. Homeostatic activation of microglia is dependent on intrinsic signaling through TLR4, as disruption of TLR4 within microglia, but not the entire CNS (excluding microglia), leads to increased viral-induced clinical disease. This work demonstrates that gut immune-stimulatory products can influence microglia function to prevent CNS damage following viral infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.47117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,15]],"date-time":"2019-07-15T20:00:20Z","timestamp":1563220820000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["The microbiota protects from viral-induced neurologic damage through microglia-intrinsic TLR signaling"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8779-7048","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"D Garrett","family":"Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8483-6459","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Raymond","family":"Soto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soumya","family":"Yandamuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colleen","family":"Stone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Dickey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joao Carlos","family":"Gomes-Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elissa D","family":"Pastuzyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0554-0730","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rickesha","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charisse","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaitlin","family":"Buhrke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert S","family":"Fujinami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan M","family":"O'Connell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W Zac","family":"Stephens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7384-8289","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jason D","family":"Shepherd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0392-0825","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thomas E","family":"Lane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7158-9874","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"June L","family":"Round","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.04.011","article-title":"Commensal bacteria calibrate the activation threshold of innate antiviral immunity","volume":"37","author":"Abt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.11.042","article-title":"Sphingolipids from a symbiotic microbe regulate homeostasis of host intestinal natural killer T cells","volume":"156","author":"An","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2008.12.014","article-title":"Role of regulatory T cells in coronavirus-induced acute encephalitis","volume":"385","author":"Anghelina","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1198469","article-title":"Induction of colonic regulatory T cells by indigenous clostridium species","volume":"331","author":"Atarashi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2009.09.001","article-title":"Minimal penetration of lipopolysaccharide across the murine blood-brain barrier","volume":"24","author":"Banks","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain, Behavior, and Immunity"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.03.011","article-title":"Role of the microbiota in immunity and inflammation","volume":"157","author":"Belkaid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-010-9202-2","article-title":"Pathogenesis of murine coronavirus in the central nervous system","volume":"5","author":"Bender","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.4.1739-1750.2004","article-title":"Perforin and gamma interferon-mediated control of coronavirus central nervous system infection by CD8 T cells in the absence of CD4 T cells","volume":"78","author":"Bergmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1343","article-title":"Coronavirus infection of the central nervous system: host-virus stand-off","volume":"4","author":"Bergmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Microbiology"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-014-0138-y","article-title":"FTY720 (fingolimod) modulates the severity of viral-induced encephalomyelitis and demyelination","volume":"11","author":"Blanc","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2015.06.009","article-title":"Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor antagonism enhances proliferation and migration of engrafted neural progenitor cells in a model of viral-induced demyelination","volume":"185","author":"Blanc","year":"2015","journal-title":"The American Journal of Pathology"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad9358","article-title":"Antibiotic use and its consequences for the normal microbiome","volume":"352","author":"Blaser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(90)90073-V","article-title":"Immortalization of murine microglial cells by a v-raf\/v-myc carrying retrovirus","volume":"27","author":"Blasi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroimmunology"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI78361","article-title":"Neuroepithelial circuit formed by innervation of sensory enteroendocrine cells","volume":"125","author":"Boh\u00f3rquez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3599","article-title":"Identification of a unique TGF-\u03b2-dependent molecular and functional signature in microglia","volume":"17","author":"Butovsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11068","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1006375107","article-title":"Migration of engrafted neural stem cells is mediated by CXCL12 signaling through CXCR4 in a viral model of multiple sclerosis","volume":"107","author":"Carbajal","year":"2010","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1086\/506939","article-title":"Long-term clinical and neuropsychological outcomes of west nile virus infection","volume":"43","author":"Carson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2014.04.005","article-title":"Human neural precursor cells promote neurologic recovery in a viral model of multiple sclerosis","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cell Reports"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8010003","article-title":"Innate immune responses and Viral-Induced neurologic disease","volume":"8","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Medicine"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2087","article-title":"Recognition of peptidoglycan from the microbiota by Nod1 enhances systemic innate immunity","volume":"16","author":"Clarke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0699-z","article-title":"MicroRNA-155 enhances T cell trafficking and antiviral effector function in a model of coronavirus-induced neurologic disease","volume":"13","author":"Dickey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-116-29249","article-title":"Studies of germfree animals I. response of mice to infection with influenza A virus","volume":"116","author":"Dolowy","year":"1964","journal-title":"Experimental Biology and Medicine"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.02.040","article-title":"Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor signaling is necessary for microglia viability, unmasking a microglia progenitor cell in the adult brain","volume":"82","author":"Elmore","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4030","article-title":"Host microbiota constantly control maturation and function of microglia in the CNS","volume":"18","author":"Erny","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4476","article-title":"Interactions between the Microbiota, immune and nervous systems in health and disease","volume":"20","author":"Fung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1397-4","article-title":"CSF1R antagonism limits local restimulation of antiviral CD8+ T cells during viral encephalitis","volume":"16","author":"Funk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4018","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.7.4018","article-title":"Antibody targeting of the CC chemokine ligand 5 results in diminished leukocyte infiltration into the central nervous system and reduced neurologic disease in a viral model of multiple sclerosis","volume":"172","author":"Glass","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.1.191-198.2003","article-title":"Functional expression of chemokine receptor CCR5 on CD4(+) T cells during virus-induced central nervous system disease","volume":"77","author":"Glass","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3531","article-title":"A new type of microglia gene targeting shows TAK1 to be pivotal in CNS autoimmune inflammation","volume":"16","author":"Goldmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E2349","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1406658111","article-title":"Two-photon imaging of remyelination of spinal cord axons by engrafted neural precursor cells in a viral model of multiple sclerosis","volume":"111","author":"Greenberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.14573\/altex.2009.2.83","article-title":"The suitability of BV2 cells as alternative model system for primary microglia cultures or for animal experiments examining brain inflammation","volume":"26","author":"Henn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Altex"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1223490","article-title":"Interactions between the microbiota and the immune system","volume":"336","author":"Hooper","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5354","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1019378108","article-title":"Microbiota regulates immune defense against respiratory tract influenza A virus infection","volume":"108","author":"Ichinohe","year":"2011","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01794-07","article-title":"Type I interferons are essential in controlling neurotropic coronavirus infection irrespective of functional CD8 T cells","volume":"82","author":"Ireland","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160152","article-title":"Microbes and Alzheimer's Disease","volume":"51","author":"Itzhaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Alzheimer's Disease"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.09.033","article-title":"Induction of intestinal Th17 cells by segmented filamentous bacteria","volume":"139","author":"Ivanov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2010.06.012","article-title":"Viral triggers of multiple sclerosis","volume":"1812","author":"Kakalacheva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.03.010","article-title":"Virus infections in the nervous system","volume":"13","author":"Koyuncu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Host & Microbe"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002785","article-title":"Toll-like receptors promote mutually beneficial commensal-host interactions","volume":"8","author":"Kubinak","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLOS Pathogens"},{"key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevImmunol.v30.i2.20","article-title":"The pathogenesis of murine coronavirus infection of the central nervous system","volume":"30","author":"Lane","year":"2010","journal-title":"Critical Reviews in Immunology"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4615","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000082107","article-title":"Proinflammatory T-cell responses to gut microbiota promote experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"108 Suppl 1","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib42","first-page":"79","article-title":"Axonal pathology and demyelination in viral models of multiple sclerosis","volume":"18","author":"Libbey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Discovery Medicine"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.14.1.301","article-title":"Regulation of MHC class II genes: lessons from a disease","volume":"14","author":"Mach","year":"1996","journal-title":"Annual Review of Immunology"},{"key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2003.08.032","article-title":"Microglia are activated to become competent antigen presenting and effector cells in the inflammatory environment of the Theiler's virus model of multiple sclerosis","volume":"144","author":"Mack","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroimmunology"},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1501802","article-title":"Inducible expression of CXCL1 within the central nervous system amplifies Viral-Induced demyelination","volume":"196","author":"Marro","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad8670","article-title":"Microglia development follows a stepwise program to regulate brain homeostasis","volume":"353","author":"Matcovitch-Natan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.05.007","article-title":"An immunomodulatory molecule of symbiotic bacteria directs maturation of the host immune system","volume":"122","author":"Mazmanian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07008","article-title":"A microbial symbiosis factor prevents intestinal inflammatory disease","volume":"453","author":"Mazmanian","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.11.030","article-title":"Microglia promote learning-dependent synapse formation through brain-derived neurotrophic factor","volume":"155","author":"Parkhurst","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1605564","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome associated with zika virus infection in Colombia","volume":"375","author":"Parra","year":"2016","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2002.01184.x","article-title":"Expression of interleukin-1 receptors and their role in interleukin-1 actions in murine microglial cells","volume":"83","author":"Pinteaux","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Neurochemistry"},{"key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.11.025","article-title":"T cell mediated suppression of neurotropic coronavirus replication in neural precursor cells","volume":"449","author":"Plaisted","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-014-1267-1","article-title":"Microglia: unique and common features with other tissue macrophages","volume":"128","author":"Prinz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathologica"},{"key":"bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.14-259598","article-title":"Gut microbes promote colonic serotonin production through an effect of short-chain fatty acids on enterochromaffin cells","volume":"29","author":"Reigstad","year":"2015","journal-title":"The FASEB Journal"},{"key":"bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-031413-085550","article-title":"Viruses and the microbiota","volume":"1","author":"Robinson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annual Review of Virology"},{"key":"bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.11.018","article-title":"Gut microbiota regulate motor deficits and neuroinflammation in a model of Parkinson's Disease","volume":"167","author":"Sampson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2218","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02116-07","article-title":"Functional analysis of potential carboxy-terminal cleavage sites of tick-borne encephalitis virus capsid protein","volume":"82","author":"Schrauf","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"},{"key":"bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20180019","article-title":"Tissue-resident macrophages in the intestine are long lived and defined by Tim-4 and CD4 expression","volume":"215","author":"Shaw","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Journal of Experimental Medicine"},{"key":"bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5497","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1619336114","article-title":"Microbiota promotes systemic T-cell survival through suppression of an apoptotic factor","volume":"114","author":"Soto","year":"2017","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8372","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.12.8372","article-title":"T cell antiviral effector function is not dependent on CXCL10 following murine coronavirus infection","volume":"177","author":"Stiles","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100000032","article-title":"Etiology of Parkinson's disease","volume":"26 S2","author":"Stoessl","year":"1999","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences"},{"key":"bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2S","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.55.suppl_1.S2","article-title":"Family size, infection and atopy: the first decade of the 'hygiene hypothesis'","volume":"55","author":"Strachan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E368","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1521463112","article-title":"H1N1 influenza virus induces narcolepsy-like sleep disruption and targets sleep-wake regulatory neurons in mice","volume":"113","author":"Tesoriero","year":"2016","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.09.023","article-title":"Viral infection leading to brain dysfunction: more prevalent than appreciated?","volume":"64","author":"van den Pol","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18283","article-title":"A complement-microglial axis drives synapse loss during virus-induced memory impairment","volume":"534","author":"Vasek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.04.007","article-title":"Variation in microbiome LPS immunogenicity contributes to autoimmunity in humans","volume":"165","author":"Vatanen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.2174\/187152712801661220","article-title":"Viruses and multiple sclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Virtanen","year":"2012","journal-title":"CNS & Neurological Disorders Drug Targets"},{"key":"bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5432","article-title":"An intestinal commensal symbiosis factor controls neuroinflammation via TLR2-mediated CD39 signalling","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI97229","article-title":"Microglia are required for protection against lethal coronavirus encephalitis in mice","volume":"128","author":"Wheeler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27384","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.044065","article-title":"Fatty acids modulate Toll-like receptor 4 activation through regulation of receptor dimerization and recruitment into lipid rafts in a reactive oxygen species-dependent manner","volume":"284","author":"Wong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.02.047","article-title":"Indigenous bacteria from the gut microbiota regulate host serotonin biosynthesis","volume":"161","author":"Yano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"}],"container-title":["eLife"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/cdn.elifesciences.org\/articles\/47117\/elife-47117-v1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/cdn.elifesciences.org\/articles\/47117\/elife-47117-v1.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/elifesciences.org\/articles\/47117","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T21:00:02Z","timestamp":1697058002000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/elifesciences.org\/articles\/47117"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,16]]},"references-count":71,"alternative-id":["10.7554\/eLife.47117"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.47117","archive":["CLOCKSS"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.47117.022","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.47117.021","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2050-084X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-084X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,16]]},"article-number":"e47117"}}