{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T05:39:36Z","timestamp":1791351576719,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,16]],"date-time":"2019-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,16]],"date-time":"2019-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565913600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,16]],"date-time":"2019-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565913600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG024119"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG024119"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007482","name":"Arizona State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007482","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007183","name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007183","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-17-EURE-0010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-17-EURE-0010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elifesciences.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Modern humans have more fragile skeletons than other hominins, which may result from physical inactivity. Here, we test whether reproductive effort also compromises bone strength, by measuring using computed tomography thoracic vertebral bone mineral density (BMD) and fracture prevalence among physically active Tsimane forager-horticulturalists. Earlier onset of reproduction and shorter interbirth intervals are associated with reduced BMD for women. Tsimane BMD is lower versus Americans, but only for women, contrary to simple predictions relying on inactivity to explain skeletal fragility. Minimal BMD differences exist between Tsimane and American men, suggesting that systemic factors other than fertility (e.g. diet) do not easily explain Tsimane women\u2019s lower BMD. Tsimane fracture prevalence is also higher versus Americans. Lower BMD increases Tsimane fracture risk, but only for women, suggesting a role of weak bone in women\u2019s fracture etiology. Our results highlight the role of sex-specific mechanisms underlying skeletal fragility that operate long before menopause.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.48607","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,16]],"date-time":"2019-08-16T09:00:19Z","timestamp":1565946019000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.48607","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Computed tomography shows high fracture prevalence among physically active forager-horticulturalists with high fertility"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5985-9643","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Stieglitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Toulouse 1 Capitole, Toulouse, France"},{"name":"Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin C","family":"Trumble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, United States"},{"name":"School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"HORUS Study Team","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7617-3958","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Caleb E","family":"Finch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew J","family":"Budoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hillard","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Economic Science Institute, Chapman University, Orange, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael D","family":"Gurven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470245842.ch12","volume-title":"Biological Anthropology of the Human Skeleton","author":"Agarwal","year":"2008"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2484(72)90049-8","article-title":"Bone growth and development in prehistoric populations from sudanese Nubia","volume":"1","author":"Armelagos","year":"1972","journal-title":"Journal of Human Evolution"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1080\/0032472031000147006","article-title":"The fertility of agricultural and Non-Agricultural traditional societies","volume":"47","author":"Bentley","year":"1993","journal-title":"Population Studies"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3018","article-title":"Irreversible deterioration of cortical and trabecular microstructure associated with breastfeeding","volume":"32","author":"Bj\u00f8rnerem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Mineral Research"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1086\/203756","article-title":"Changes in Activities with the Shift to Agriculture in the Southeastern United States","volume":"30","author":"Bridges","year":"1989","journal-title":"Current Anthropology"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3113","article-title":"Spinal Loading Patterns From Biomechanical Modeling Explain the High Incidence of Vertebral Fractures in the Thoracolumbar Region","volume":"32","author":"Bruno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Mineral Research"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.10100132","article-title":"Measurement of Thoracic Bone Mineral Density with Quantitative CT","volume":"257","author":"Budoff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2010.11.017","article-title":"Thoracic aortic calcification and coronary heart disease events: The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA)","volume":"215","author":"Budoff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2011.10.006","article-title":"Trabecular bone mineral density measurement using thoracic and lumbar quantitative computed tomography","volume":"19","author":"Budoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Academic Radiology"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.13111987","article-title":"Measurement of phantomless thoracic bone mineral density on coronary artery calcium CT scans acquired with various CT scanner models","volume":"267","author":"Budoff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-09961-0_4","volume-title":"Natural Human Fertility: Social and Biological Determinants","author":"Campbell","year":"1988"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S389","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650071405","article-title":"Skeletal development and bone functional adaptation","volume":"7 Suppl 2","author":"Carter","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Mineral Research"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.158.7.650","article-title":"Lactation among adolescent mothers and subsequent bone mineral density","volume":"158","author":"Chantry","year":"2004","journal-title":"Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1411696112","article-title":"Recent origin of low trabecular bone density in modern humans","volume":"112","author":"Chirchir","year":"2015","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23138","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23138","article-title":"Low trabecular bone density in recent sedentary modern humans","volume":"162","author":"Chirchir","year":"2017","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23967","article-title":"Trabecular bone fraction variation in modern humans, fossil hominins and other primates","volume":"302","author":"Chirchir","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Anatomical Record"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2010.07.006","article-title":"Female reproductive system and bone","volume":"503","author":"Clarke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics"},{"key":"bib18","volume-title":"Paleopathology at the Origins of Agriculture","author":"Cohen","year":"1984"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-011-1601-6","article-title":"Secular trends in the incidence of hip and other osteoporotic fractures","volume":"22","author":"Cooper","year":"2011","journal-title":"Osteoporosis International"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026658","article-title":"Human evolution and osteoporosis-related spinal fractures","volume":"6","author":"Cotter","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1002\/oa.1076","article-title":"A 14th\u201317th century osteoporotic hip fracture from the Santa Clara-a-Velha Convent in Coimbra (Portugal)","volume":"20","author":"Curate","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Osteoarchaeology"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1122","article-title":"Patterns of strain in the macaque tibia during functional activity","volume":"116","author":"Demes","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.20299","article-title":"Estrogen, exercise, and the skeleton","volume":"20","author":"Devlin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650080915","article-title":"Vertebral fracture assessment using a semiquantitative technique","volume":"8","author":"Genant","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Mineral Research"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21612","article-title":"Skeletal biology over the life span: a view from the surfaces","volume":"146","author":"Gosman","year":"2011","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s10329-002-0030-8","article-title":"Extraordinarily low bone mineral density in an old female chimpanzee (Pan Troglodytes schweinfurthii) from the Mahale mountains national park","volume":"44","author":"Gunji","year":"2003","journal-title":"Primates; Journal of Primatology"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.20600","article-title":"Mortality experience of tsimane amerindians of Bolivia: regional variation and temporal trends","volume":"19","author":"Gurven","year":"2007","journal-title":"American Journal of Human Biology"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055679","article-title":"Physical activity and modernization among bolivian amerindians","volume":"8","author":"Gurven","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30056","article-title":"Health costs of reproduction are minimal despite high fertility, mortality and subsistence lifestyle","volume":"6","author":"Gurven","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.21515","article-title":"The tsimane health and life history project: integrating anthropology and biomedicine","volume":"26","author":"Gurven","year":"2017","journal-title":"Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02692239","article-title":"Trade-Offs between female food acquisition and child care among hiwi and ache foragers","volume":"3","author":"Hurtado","year":"1992","journal-title":"Human Nature"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.29217","article-title":"Effect of calcium supplementation in pregnancy on maternal bone outcomes in women with a low calcium intake","volume":"92","author":"Jarjou","year":"2010","journal-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1177\/000992286400300710","article-title":"Notes on ecologic malnutrition in the New Guinea highlands","volume":"3","author":"Jelliffe","year":"1964","journal-title":"Clinical Pediatrics"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30752-3","article-title":"Coronary atherosclerosis in indigenous south american tsimane: a cross-sectional cohort study","volume":"389","author":"Kaplan","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1038\/35041682","article-title":"Why do we age?","volume":"408","author":"Kirkwood","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00027.2015","article-title":"Maternal mineral and bone metabolism during pregnancy, lactation, and Post-Weaning recovery","volume":"96","author":"Kovacs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiological Reviews"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3090","article-title":"The skeleton is a storehouse of mineral that is plundered during lactation and (Fully?) Replenished afterwards","volume":"32","author":"Kovacs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Mineral Research"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy250","article-title":"Nutrition transition in 2 lowland bolivian subsistence populations","volume":"108","author":"Kraft","year":"2018","journal-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.20082","article-title":"Children's Help and the Pace of Reproduction: Cooperative Breeding in Humans","volume":"14","author":"Kramer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews"},{"key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2484(81)80095-4","article-title":"Functional implications of postcranial size reduction on the prehistoric Georgia coast, u.s.a","volume":"10","author":"Larsen","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Human Evolution"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2007.04.002","article-title":"Does reproduction decrease longevity in human beings?","volume":"6","author":"Le Bourg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ageing Research Reviews"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3222","article-title":"Comparative analysis of the radiology of osteoporotic vertebral fractures in women and men: cross-sectional and longitudinal observations from the canadian multicentre osteoporosis study (CaMos)","volume":"33","author":"Lentle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Mineral Research"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199207466.003.0020","volume-title":"Evolution in Health and Disease","author":"Leonard","year":"2008"},{"key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10316","article-title":"Predicting long bone loading from cross-sectional geometry","volume":"123","author":"Lieberman","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology"},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093223","article-title":"Developmental biology and human evolution","volume":"32","author":"Lovejoy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annual Review of Anthropology"},{"key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aao3893","article-title":"Prehistoric women's manual labor exceeded that of athletes through the first 5500 years of farming in Central Europe","volume":"3","author":"Macintosh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science Advances"},{"key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1093\/emph\/eoy015","article-title":"Maternal investment, maturational rate of the offspring and mechanical competence of the adult female skeleton","volume":"2018","author":"Macintosh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health"},{"key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.22329","article-title":"Reproductive effects on skeletal health in Shuar women of amazonian Ecuador: a life history perspective","volume":"24","author":"Madimenos","year":"2012","journal-title":"American Journal of Human Biology"},{"key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2008.052704","article-title":"A meta-analysis of impact exercise on postmenopausal bone loss: the case for mixed loading exercise programmes","volume":"43","author":"Martyn-St James","year":"2009","journal-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-009-0139-6","article-title":"Effects of different impact exercise modalities on bone mineral density in premenopausal women: a meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Martyn-St James","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism"},{"key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23003","article-title":"Physical burden and lower limb bone structure at the origin of agriculture in the levant","volume":"161","author":"May","year":"2016","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology"},{"key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1212(199603)6:2<144::AID-OA261>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"Age-dependent cortical bone loss in a medieval population","volume":"6","author":"Mays","year":"1996","journal-title":"International Journal of Osteoarchaeology"},{"key":"bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(87)90074-3","article-title":"Biomechanical competence of vertebral trabecular bone in relation to ash density and age in normal individuals","volume":"8","author":"Mosekilde","year":"1987","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(89)90074-4","article-title":"Sex differences in age-related loss of vertebral trabecular bone mass and structure--biomechanical consequences","volume":"10","author":"Mosekilde","year":"1989","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25S","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199712151-00005","article-title":"Biomechanics of osteoporosis and vertebral fracture","volume":"22","author":"Myers","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1385\/bmm:1:3-4:169","article-title":"Evolutionary aspects of bone health","volume":"1","author":"Nelson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism"},{"key":"bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.6.785","article-title":"Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy","volume":"285","author":"NIH Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330390110","article-title":"Osteoporotic bone loss in two prehistoric indian populations","volume":"39","author":"Perzigian","year":"1973","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology"},{"key":"bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000127179.13271.78","article-title":"Measurement of in vivo intradiscal pressure in healthy thoracic intervertebral discs","volume":"29","author":"Polga","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-011-1734-7","article-title":"The effect of exercise on pQCT parameters of bone structure and strength in postmenopausal women--a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"23","author":"Polidoulis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Osteoporosis International"},{"key":"bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1693S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.5.1693S","article-title":"Micronutrients and the bone mineral content of the mother, fetus and newborn","volume":"133","author":"Prentice","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Journal of Nutrition"},{"key":"bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130120943","article-title":"Comparison of intradiscal pressures and spinal fixator loads for different body positions and exercises","volume":"44","author":"Rohlmannt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"bib63","volume-title":"Bioarchaeological Reconstruction and Interpretation","author":"Ruff","year":"1999"},{"key":"bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7147","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1502932112","article-title":"Gradual decline in mobility with the adoption of food production in Europe","volume":"112","author":"Ruff","year":"2015","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29486-4","article-title":"Reproduction predicts shorter telomeres and epigenetic age acceleration among young adult women","volume":"8","author":"Ryan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1418646112","article-title":"Gracility of the modern Homo sapiens skeleton is the result of decreased biomechanical loading","volume":"112","author":"Ryan","year":"2015","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2016.05.012","article-title":"Trabecular bone structural variation throughout the human lower limb","volume":"97","author":"Saers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Human Evolution"},{"key":"bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68891-0","article-title":"Osteoporosis","volume":"367","author":"Sambrook","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-007-0793-5","article-title":"Bone quality: the material and structural basis of bone strength","volume":"26","author":"Seeman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism"},{"key":"bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2015.06.013","article-title":"Executive summary of the 2015 ISCD position development conference on advanced measures from DXA and QCT: fracture prediction beyond BMD","volume":"18","author":"Shepherd","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Densitometry"},{"key":"bib71","volume-title":"The Evolution of Life Histories","author":"Stearns","year":"1992"},{"key":"bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cuor.2005.12.004","article-title":"(iv) Basic biomechanics of human joints: Hips, knees and the spine","volume":"20","author":"Stewart","year":"2006","journal-title":"Current Orthopaedics"},{"key":"bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22681","article-title":"Low mineral density of a weight-bearing bone among adult women in a high fertility population","volume":"156","author":"Stieglitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology"},{"key":"bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2730","article-title":"Calcaneal quantitative ultrasound indicates reduced bone status among physically active adult Forager-Horticulturalists","volume":"31","author":"Stieglitz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Mineral Research"},{"key":"bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23214","article-title":"Horticultural activity predicts later localized limb status in a contemporary pre-industrial population","volume":"163","author":"Stieglitz","year":"2017","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology"},{"key":"bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.10073","article-title":"Somatic versus reproductive energy allocation in Papua New Guinea: life history theory and public health policy","volume":"14","author":"Tracer","year":"2002","journal-title":"American Journal of Human Biology"},{"key":"bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2867","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-016-3591-x","article-title":"Worldwide variation in hip fracture incidence weakly aligns with genetic divergence between populations","volume":"27","author":"Wallace","year":"2016","journal-title":"Osteoporosis International"},{"key":"bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5337","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1321605111","article-title":"Physical activity when young provides lifelong benefits to cortical bone size and strength in men","volume":"111","author":"Warden","year":"2014","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1957.tb02911.x","article-title":"Pleiotropy, natural selection, and the evolution of senescence","volume":"11","author":"Williams","year":"1957","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05249.x","article-title":"Interactions between breast, bone, and brain regulate mineral and skeletal metabolism during lactation","volume":"1192","author":"Wysolmerski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"bib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145753","article-title":"Evidence for the cost of reproduction in humans: high lifetime reproductive effort is associated with greater oxidative stress in Post-Menopausal women","volume":"11","author":"Ziomkiewicz","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"}],"container-title":["eLife"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/cdn.elifesciences.org\/articles\/48607\/elife-48607-v3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/cdn.elifesciences.org\/articles\/48607\/elife-48607-v3.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/elifesciences.org\/articles\/48607","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T21:01:34Z","timestamp":1697058094000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/elifesciences.org\/articles\/48607"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,16]]},"references-count":81,"alternative-id":["10.7554\/eLife.48607"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.48607","archive":["CLOCKSS"],"relation":{"is-supplemented-by":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5061\/dryad.rf0g0md","asserted-by":"subject"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.48607.033","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.48607.034","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2050-084X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-084X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,16]]},"article-number":"e48607"}}