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However, the ensemble dynamics underlying sleep regulation remain poorly understood. Here, we show slow, state-predictive brainstem ensemble dynamics and state-dependent interactions between the brainstem and the hippocampus in mice. On a timescale of seconds to minutes, brainstem populations can predict pupil dilation and vigilance states and exhibit longer prediction power than hippocampal CA1 neurons. On a timescale of sub-seconds, pontine waves (P-waves) are accompanied by synchronous firing of brainstem neurons during both rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM (NREM) sleep. Crucially, P-waves functionally interact with CA1 activity in a state-dependent manner: during NREM sleep, hippocampal sharp wave-ripples (SWRs) precede P-waves. On the other hand, P-waves during REM sleep are phase-locked with ongoing theta oscillations and are followed by burst firing of CA1 neurons. This state-dependent global coordination between the brainstem and hippocampus implicates distinct functional roles of sleep.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.52244","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,14]],"date-time":"2020-01-14T08:00:19Z","timestamp":1578988819000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["State-dependent brainstem ensemble dynamics and their interactions with hippocampus across sleep states"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Tomomi","family":"Tsunematsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Super-Network Brain Physiology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan"},{"name":"Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan"},{"name":"Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amisha A","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7387-5535","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Arno","family":"Onken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6796-411X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shuzo","family":"Sakata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United 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