{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T10:05:51Z","timestamp":1791885951934,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]],"date-time":"2020-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]],"date-time":"2020-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586217600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]],"date-time":"2020-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586217600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science\n                                Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DBI-0939454"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DBI-0939454"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science\n                                Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IOS-1354089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IOS-1354089"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science\n                                Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IOS-1655392"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IOS-1655392"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science\n                                Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IOS-0920505"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IOS-0920505"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007229","name":"Harvard\n                                University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Bauer Fellowship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Bauer Fellowship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007229","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science\n                                Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Graduate research fellowship, fellow ID:\n                            2014165835"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Graduate research fellowship, fellow ID:\n                            2014165835"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rough-skinned newts (Taricha granulosa) use tetrodotoxin (TTX) to block\n                        voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channels as a chemical defense against predation.\n                        Interestingly, newts exhibit extreme population-level variation in toxicity\n                        attributed to a coevolutionary arms race with TTX-resistant predatory\n                        snakes, but the source of TTX in newts is unknown. Here, we investigated\n                        whether symbiotic bacteria isolated from toxic newts could produce TTX. We\n                        characterized the skin-associated microbiota from a toxic and non-toxic\n                        population of newts and established pure cultures of isolated bacterial\n                        symbionts from toxic newts. We then screened bacterial culture media for TTX\n                        using LC-MS\/MS and identified TTX-producing bacterial strains from four\n                        genera, including Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, Shewanella, and Sphingopyxis.\n                        Additionally, we sequenced the Nav channel gene family in toxic newts and\n                        found that newts expressed Nav channels with modified TTX binding sites,\n                        conferring extreme physiological resistance to TTX. This study highlights\n                        the complex interactions among adaptive physiology, animal-bacterial\n                        symbiosis, and ecological context.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.53898","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]],"date-time":"2020-04-06T20:00:40Z","timestamp":1586203240000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["The skin microbiome facilitates adaptive tetrodotoxin production in\n                        poisonous newts"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3837-4564","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Patric M","family":"Vaelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States"},{"name":"BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin R","family":"Theis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University, Detroit, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet E","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States"},{"name":"Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, United States"},{"name":"Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2706-4077","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lauren A","family":"O'Connell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James A","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States"},{"name":"Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, United States"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9049-5750","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Heather L","family":"Eisthen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States"},{"name":"BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2011.05.029","article-title":"Animal behaviour meets microbial ecology","volume":"82","author":"Archie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Animal Behaviour"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2012.05339.x","article-title":"Shewanella putrefaciens, a major microbial species related to tetrodotoxin (TTX)-accumulation of puffer fish Lagocephalus lunaris","volume":"113","author":"Auawithoothij","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Microbiology"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002226","article-title":"Host biology in light of the microbiome: ten principles of holobionts and hologenomes","volume":"13","author":"Bordenstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLOS 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