{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T05:15:24Z","timestamp":1785474924861,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,17]],"date-time":"2020-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,17]],"date-time":"2020-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584403200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,17]],"date-time":"2020-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584403200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["International Collaboration in Infectious Disease Research (ICIDR)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["International Collaboration in Infectious Disease Research (ICIDR)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Africa Health Research Institute"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Africa Health Research Institute"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Previously, we demonstrated that coverage of piped water in the seven years preceding a parasitological survey was strongly predictive of Schistosomiasis haematobium infection in a nested cohort of 1976 primary school children (Tanser, 2018). Here, we report on the prospective follow up of infected members of this nested cohort (N = 333) for two successive rounds following treatment. Using a negative binomial regression fitted to egg count data, we found that every percentage point increase in piped water coverage was associated with 4.4% decline in intensity of re-infection (incidence rate ratio = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.93\u20130.98, p=0.004) among the treated children. We therefore provide further compelling evidence in support of the scaleup of piped water as an effective control strategy against Schistosoma haematobium transmission.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.54012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,16]],"date-time":"2020-03-16T20:00:19Z","timestamp":1584388819000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Impact of community piped water coverage on re-infection with urogenital schistosomiasis in rural South Africa"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1926-7576","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Polycarp","family":"Mogeni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa"},{"name":"School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa"},{"name":"KwaZulu-Natal Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5742-0511","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alain","family":"Vandormael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa"},{"name":"School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa"},{"name":"KwaZulu-Natal Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa"},{"name":"Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Cuadros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Geographic Information Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, United States"},{"name":"Health Geography and Disease Modeling Laboratory, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Appleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9797-0000","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Frank","family":"Tanser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa"},{"name":"School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa"},{"name":"Lincoln International Institute for Rural Health, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Review of literature on abiotic factors influencing the distribution and life cycles of bilharziasis intermediate host snails","volume":"11","author":"Appleton","year":"1978","journal-title":"Malacology\u00a0Review"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-017-0370-7","article-title":"Elimination of schistosomiasis: the tools required","volume":"6","author":"Bergquist","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infectious Diseases of Poverty"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.08.004","article-title":"Spatial epidemiology of human schistosomiasis in africa: risk models, transmission dynamics and control","volume":"101","author":"Brooker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000060364","article-title":"Factors affecting the intensity of reinfection with Schistosoma haematobium following treatment with praziquantel","volume":"102 Pt 1","author":"Chandiwana","year":"1991","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-7-856","article-title":"Zero adjusted models with applications to analysing helminths count data","volume":"7","author":"Chipeta","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Research Notes"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-3811-z","article-title":"Benefits of annual chemotherapeutic control of schistosomiasis on the development of protective immunity","volume":"19","author":"Chisango","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.70.443","article-title":"Spatial patterns of urinary schistosomiasis infection in a highly endemic area of coastal Kenya","volume":"70","author":"Clennon","year":"2004","journal-title":"The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61949-2","article-title":"Human schistosomiasis","volume":"383","author":"Colley","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-9946201658054","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of schistosomiasis among hausa communities in Kano state, Nigeria","volume":"58","author":"Dawaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Revista Do Instituto De Medicina Tropical De S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"key":"bib10","volume-title":"Intermap, Increment P Corp","author":"Esri","year":"2004","unstructured":"Esri D, Here T. 2004. GEBCO, USGS, FAO, NPS, NRCAN, GeoBase, IGN, Kadaster NL, Ordnance Survey, Esri Japan, METI, Esri China (Hong Kong), Swisstopo, MapmyIndia, and the GIS User Community. Intermap, Increment P Corp."},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12604","article-title":"Population level changes in schistosome-specific antibody levels following chemotherapy","volume":"41","author":"Fukushige","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasite Immunology"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32279-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017","volume":"392","author":"GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0822-5","article-title":"Prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis and associated risk factors among abobo primary school children in Gambella regional state, southwestern Ethiopia: a cross sectional study","volume":"8","author":"Geleta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003296","article-title":"The relationship between water, sanitation and schistosomiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Grimes","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0766-9","article-title":"The roles of water, sanitation and hygiene in reducing schistosomiasis: a review","volume":"8","author":"Grimes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"key":"bib16","first-page":"7","article-title":"The effect of urinary schistosomiasis on the health of children in selected rural communities of osun state, Nigeria","volume":"33","author":"Gyuse","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1118","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30189-5","article-title":"Evaluation of integrated interventions layered on mass drug administration for urogenital schistosomiasis elimination: a cluster-randomised trial","volume":"7","author":"Knopp","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001709","article-title":"Effective control of Schistosoma haematobium infection in a ghanaian community following installation of a water recreation area","volume":"6","author":"Kosinski","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-8-58","article-title":"A scan statistic for continuous data based on the normal probability model","volume":"8","author":"Kulldorff","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Health Geographics"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00066-3","article-title":"Spatial distribution of schistosomiasis and treatment needs in sub-Saharan africa: a systematic review and geostatistical analysis","volume":"15","author":"Lai","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.64.322","article-title":"Prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium infection among schoolchildren in remote Areas devoid of sanitation in Northwestern Swaziland, southern africa","volume":"64","author":"Liao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.03.028","article-title":"Risk factors and micro-geographical heterogeneity of Schistosoma haematobium in Ndumo Area, uMkhanyakude district, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa","volume":"159","author":"Manyangadze","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003164","article-title":"Host determinants of reinfection with schistosomes in humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Mbanefo","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002237","article-title":"Explaining observed infection and antibody age-profiles in populations with urogenital schistosomiasis","volume":"7","author":"Mitchell","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLOS Computational Biology"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2001.00785.x","article-title":"Reinfection with Schistosoma haematobium following school-based chemotherapy with praziquantel in four highly endemic villages in c\u00f4te d'ivoire","volume":"6","author":"N'Goran","year":"2001","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine and International Health"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4984","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.61.12.4984-4993.1993","article-title":"Immunity after treatment of human schistosomiasis: association between cellular responses and resistance to reinfection","volume":"61","author":"Roberts","year":"1993","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.09.023","article-title":"A new global strategy for the elimination of schistosomiasis","volume":"54","author":"Ross","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-4-40","article-title":"Patterns of Schistosoma haematobium infection, impact of praziquantel treatment and re-infection after treatment in a cohort of schoolchildren from rural KwaZulu-Natal\/South Africa","volume":"4","author":"Saathoff","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMC Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0980-5","article-title":"Efficacy of praziquantel against urinary schistosomiasis and reinfection in senegalese school children where there is a single well-defined transmission period","volume":"8","author":"Senghor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2008.232","article-title":"The epidemiology and small-scale spatial heterogeneity of urinary schistosomiasis in lusaka province, Zambia","volume":"3","author":"Simoonga","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geospatial Health"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009006222","article-title":"Remote sensing, geographical information system and spatial analysis for schistosomiasis epidemiology and ecology in Africa","volume":"136","author":"Simoonga","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/insr.12051_14","volume-title":"Applied Categorical and Count Data Analysis","author":"Tang","year":"2012"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dym211","article-title":"Cohort profile: africa centre demographic information system (ACDIS) and population-based HIV survey","volume":"37","author":"Tanser","year":"2008","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.33065","article-title":"Impact of the scale-up of piped water on urogenital schistosomiasis infection in rural south Africa","volume":"7","author":"Tanser","year":"2018","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyx134","article-title":"Incidence rate estimation, periodic testing and the limitations of the mid-point imputation approach","volume":"47","author":"Vandormael","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182014000213","article-title":"Comparing parasitological vs serological determination of Schistosoma haematobium infection prevalence in preschool and primary school-aged children: implications for control programmes","volume":"141","author":"Wami","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"bib37","volume-title":"Prevention and Control of Schistosomiasis and Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis","author":"WHO Expert Committee on the Control of Schistosomiasis","year":"2002","unstructured":"WHO Expert Committee on the Control of Schistosomiasis. 2002. World Health Organization Technical Report Series. Prevention and Control of Schistosomiasis and Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/42588."}],"container-title":["eLife"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/cdn.elifesciences.org\/articles\/54012\/elife-54012-v2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/cdn.elifesciences.org\/articles\/54012\/elife-54012-v2.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/elifesciences.org\/articles\/54012","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T21:02:08Z","timestamp":1697058128000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/elifesciences.org\/articles\/54012"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,17]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["10.7554\/eLife.54012"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.54012","archive":["CLOCKSS"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.54012.sa1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.54012.sa2","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2050-084X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-084X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,17]]},"article-number":"e54012"}}