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Recent evidence from human newborns and non-human animals has challenged the primary role assigned to culture, in determining this spatial numerical association (SNA). Nevertheless, the effect of individual spatial biases has not been considered in previous research. Here, we tested the effect of numerical magnitude in SNA and we controlled for itablendividual biases. We trained 3-day-old chicks (Gallus gallus) on a given numerical magnitude (5). Then chicks could choose between two identical, left or right, stimuli both representing either 2, 8, or 5 elements. We computed the percentage of Left-sided Choice (LC). Numerical magnitude, but not individual lateral bias, explained LC: LC2 vs. 2&gt;LC5 vs. 5&gt;LC8 vs. 8. These findings suggest that SNA originates from pre-linguistic precursors, and pave the way to the investigation of the neural correlates of the number space association.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.54662","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,24]],"date-time":"2020-06-24T10:00:43Z","timestamp":1592992843000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.54662","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Numerical magnitude, rather than individual bias, explains spatial numerical association in newborn chicks"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5294-6306","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rosa","family":"Rugani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8192-9062","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Vallortigara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Mind\/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5215-4621","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Priftis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8960-0309","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lucia","family":"Regolin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(98)00002-5","article-title":"Stimulus-response compatibility in representational space","volume":"36","author":"B\u00e4chtold","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1037\/com0000177","article-title":"Limited evidence of number-space mapping in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and capuchin monkeys (Sapajus apella)","volume":"133","author":"Beran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Comparative Psychology"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa4854","article-title":"Chicks with a number sense","volume":"347","author":"Brugger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12315","article-title":"Small on the left, large on the right: numbers orient preverbal infants\u2019 visual attention onto space","volume":"19","author":"Bulf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0229","article-title":"Lateralization of social cognition in the domestic chicken ( Gallus gallus )","volume":"364","author":"Daisley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2004.1510","article-title":"Well\u2013being and affective style: neural substrates and biobehavioural correlates","volume":"359","author":"Davidson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 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