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Yet the mechanisms underlying microbial diversity are under debate. While simple resource-competition models don't allow for coexistence of a large number of species, it was recently shown that metabolic trade-offs can allow unlimited diversity. Does this diversity persist with more realistic, intermittent nutrient supply? Here, we demonstrate theoretically that in serial dilution culture, metabolic trade-offs allow for high diversity. When a small amount of nutrient is supplied to each batch, the serial dilution dynamics mimic a chemostat-like steady state. If more nutrient is supplied, community diversity shifts due to an 'early-bird' effect. The interplay of this effect with different environmental factors and diversity-supporting mechanisms leads to a variety of relationships between nutrient supply and diversity, suggesting that real ecosystems may not obey a universal nutrient-diversity relationship.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.57790","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,11]],"date-time":"2020-09-11T06:00:16Z","timestamp":1599804016000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.57790","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Nutrient levels and trade-offs control diversity in a serial dilution ecosystem"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2320-4984","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amir","family":"Erez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United 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