{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T20:22:58Z","timestamp":1790713378166,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]],"date-time":"2020-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]],"date-time":"2020-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607990400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]],"date-time":"2020-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607990400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007880","name":"Johns Hopkins University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007880","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elifesciences.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite the importance of programming to modern society, the cognitive and neural bases of code comprehension are largely unknown. Programming languages might \u2018recycle\u2019 neurocognitive mechanisms originally developed for natural languages. Alternatively, comprehension of code could depend on fronto-parietal networks shared with other culturally-invented symbol systems, such as formal logic and symbolic math such as algebra. Expert programmers (average 11 years of programming experience) performed code comprehension and memory control tasks while undergoing fMRI. The same participants also performed formal logic, symbolic math, executive control, and language localizer tasks. A left-lateralized fronto-parietal network was recruited for code comprehension. Patterns of activity within this network distinguish between \u2018for\u2019 loops and \u2018if\u2019 conditional code functions. In terms of the underlying neural basis, code comprehension overlapped extensively with formal logic and to a lesser degree math. Overlap with executive processes and language was low, but laterality of language and code covaried across individuals. Cultural symbol systems, including code, depend on a distinctive fronto-parietal cortical network.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.59340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]],"date-time":"2020-12-14T19:00:41Z","timestamp":1607972441000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.59340","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Computer code comprehension shares neural resources with formal logical inference in the fronto-parietal network"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6644-813X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yun-Fei","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judy","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Bedny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4909","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1603205113","article-title":"Origins of the brain networks for advanced mathematics in expert mathematicians","volume":"113","author":"Amalric","year":"2016","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0515","article-title":"Cortical circuits for mathematical knowledge: evidence for a major subdivision within the brain's semantic networks","volume":"373","author":"Amalric","year":"2018","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0000_22","article-title":"Human symbol manipulation within an integrated cognitive architecture","volume":"29","author":"Anderson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1162\/08989290051137521","article-title":"fMri studies of stroop tasks reveal unique roles of anterior and posterior brain systems in attentional selection","volume":"12","author":"Banich","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2013.01.010","article-title":"Reconciling time, space and function: a new dorsal-ventral stream model of sentence comprehension","volume":"125","author":"Bornkessel-Schlesewsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15402","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4918-13.2014","article-title":"Anatomical connections of the visual word form area","volume":"34","author":"Bouhali","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(77)80039-4","article-title":"Towards a theory of the cognitive processes in computer programming","volume":"9","author":"Brooks","year":"1977","journal-title":"International Journal of Man-Machine Studies"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3573","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.7.3573","article-title":"A resource model of the neural basis of executive working memory","volume":"97","author":"Bunge","year":"2000","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3419","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00910.2002","article-title":"Neural circuits subserving the retrieval and maintenance of abstract rules","volume":"90","author":"Bunge","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.09.029","article-title":"Synchronous oscillatory neural ensembles for rules in the prefrontal cortex","volume":"76","author":"Buschman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2006.48","article-title":"The Multi-Source interference task: an fMRI task that reliably activates the cingulo-frontal-parietal cognitive\/attention network","volume":"1","author":"Bush","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature Protocols"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp175","article-title":"The Left Ventral Occipito-Temporal Response to Words Depends on Language Lateralization but Not on Visual Familiarity","volume":"20","author":"Cai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/1961189.1961199","article-title":"LIBSVM: a library for support vector machines","volume":"2","author":"Chang","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2019.00320","article-title":"Effects of early Language deprivation on brain connectivity: language pathways in deaf native and late First-Language learners of american sign language","volume":"13","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00664","article-title":"Sensitive periods in cortical specialization for language: insights from studies with deaf and blind individuals","volume":"4","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1850","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23979","article-title":"At the core of reasoning: dissociating deductive and non-deductive load","volume":"39","author":"Coetzee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhs333","article-title":"Task difficulty manipulation reveals multiple demand activity but no frontal lobe hierarchy","volume":"24","author":"Crittenden","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.2190\/BC76-8479-YM0X-7FUA","article-title":"The demands and requirements of computer programming: a literature review","volume":"1","author":"Dalbey","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Computing Research"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1998.0395","article-title":"Cortical surface-based analysis. I. segmentation and surface reconstruction","volume":"9","author":"Dale","year":"1999","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1194140","article-title":"How learning to read changes the cortical networks for vision and language","volume":"330","author":"Dehaene","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.10.004","article-title":"Cultural recycling of cortical maps","volume":"56","author":"Dehaene","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2006.05.011","article-title":"Nature and nurture in language acquisition: anatomical and functional brain-imaging studies in infants","volume":"29","author":"Dehaene-Lambertz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0050294","article-title":"Semantic associations between signs and numerical categories in the prefrontal cortex","volume":"5","author":"Diester","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLOS Biology"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2010.01.004","article-title":"The multiple-demand (MD) system of the primate brain: mental programs for intelligent behaviour","volume":"14","author":"Duncan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSRE.2016.53","article-title":"WAP: understanding the brain at software debugging","author":"Duraes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Duraes J, Madeira H, Castelhano J, Duarte C, Branco MC. 2016. WAP: understanding the brain at software debugging. Paper Presented at the 2016 IEEE 27th International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering (ISSRE)."},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2009.08.047","article-title":"Deciphering cortical number coding from human brain activity patterns","volume":"19","author":"Eger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16428","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1112937108","article-title":"Functional specificity for high-level linguistic processing in the human brain","volume":"108","author":"Fedorenko","year":"2011","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16616","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1315235110","article-title":"Broad domain generality in focal regions of frontal and parietal cortex","volume":"110","author":"Fedorenko","year":"2013","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E6256","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1612132113","article-title":"Neural correlate of the construction of sentence meaning","volume":"113","author":"Fedorenko","year":"2016","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2019.04.010","article-title":"The language of programming: a cognitive perspective","volume":"23","author":"Fedorenko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2013.12.006","article-title":"Reworking the language network","volume":"18","author":"Fedorenko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhu273","article-title":"Neural language processing in adolescent First-Language learners: longitudinal case studies in american sign language","volume":"26","author":"Ferjan Ramirez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2005.02.005","article-title":"The evolution of the language faculty: clarifications and implications","volume":"97","author":"Fitch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"bib34","article-title":"Decoding the representation of code in the brain: an fMRI study of code review and expertise","author":"Floyd","year":"2017","unstructured":"Floyd B, Santander T, Weimer W. 2017. Decoding the representation of code in the brain: an fMRI study of code review and expertise. Paper Presented at the Proceedings of the 39th International Conference on Software Engineering."},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/11173.001.0001","volume-title":"Language in Our Brain: The Origins of a Uniquely Human Capacity","author":"Friederici","year":"2017"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053699","article-title":"Mathematical logic in the human brain: semantics","volume":"8","author":"Friedrich","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2007.09.003","article-title":"Anatomy of deductive reasoning","volume":"11","author":"Goel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhl132","article-title":"Hemispheric specialization in human prefrontal cortex for resolving certain and uncertain inferences","volume":"17","author":"Goel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"B109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2004.03.001","article-title":"Differential involvement of left prefrontal cortex in inductive and deductive reasoning","volume":"3","author":"Goel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2005.07.004","article-title":"On broca, brain, and binding: a new framework","volume":"9","author":"Hagoort","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2018.04.007","article-title":"A critical period for second language acquisition: evidence from 2\/3 million english speakers","volume":"177","author":"Hartshorne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1126\/science.298.5598.1569","article-title":"The faculty of language: what is it, who has it, and how did it evolve?","volume":"298","author":"Hauser","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE.2019.00053","article-title":"Distilling neural representations of data structure manipulation using fMRI and fNIRS","author":"Huang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huang Y, Liu X, Krueger R, Santander T, Hu X, Leach K, Weimer W. 2019. Distilling neural representations of data structure manipulation using fMRI and fNIRS. Paper Presented at the 2019 IEEE\/ACM 41st International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE)."},{"key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SNPD.2014.6888727","article-title":"Brain activity measurement during program comprehension with NIRS","author":"Ikutani","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ikutani Y, Uwano H. 2014. Brain activity measurement during program comprehension with NIRS. Paper Presented at the 2014 15th IEEE\/ACIS International Conference on Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Networking and Parallel\/Distributed Computing (SNPD)."},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2434","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2008.21179","article-title":"Co-localization of stroop and syntactic ambiguity resolution in broca's area: implications for the neural basis of sentence processing","volume":"21","author":"January","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(89)90003-0","article-title":"Critical period effects in second language learning: the influence of maturational state on the acquisition of english as a second language","volume":"21","author":"Johnson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11172","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1524982113","article-title":"Absence of visual experience modifies the neural basis of numerical thinking","volume":"113","author":"Kanjlia","year":"2016","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21100","article-title":"Neurons in the frontal lobe encode the value of multiple decision variables","volume":"21","author":"Kennerley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib49","article-title":"Neurological divide: an fMRI study of prose and code writing","author":"Krueger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Krueger R, Huang Y, Liu X, Santander T, Weimer W, Leach K. 2020. Neurological divide: an fMRI study of prose and code writing. Paper Presented at the 2020 IEEE\/ACM 42nd International Conference on Software Engineering."},{"key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/0164-1212(87)90032-X","article-title":"Cognitive processes in program comprehension","volume":"7","author":"Letovsky","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Systems and Software"},{"key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.04.020","article-title":"The cortical representation of simple mathematical expressions","volume":"61","author":"Maruyama","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhz180","article-title":"The cortical organization of syntax","volume":"30","author":"Matchin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.12.011","article-title":"Neurolinguistic processing when the brain matures without language","volume":"99","author":"Mayberry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(03)00134-7","article-title":"The visual word form area: expertise for reading in the fusiform gyrus","volume":"7","author":"McCandliss","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"bib55","volume-title":"The Relationship of Computer Programming and Mathematics in Secondary Students","author":"McCoy","year":"1988","unstructured":"McCoy LP, Burton JK. 1988. The Relationship of Computer Programming and Mathematics in Secondary Students."},{"key":"bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-6410(01)00076-3","article-title":"The relative involvement of anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex in attentional control depends on nature of conflict","volume":"12","author":"Milham","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cognitive Brain Research"},{"key":"bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.24.1.167","article-title":"An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function","volume":"24","author":"Miller","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annual Review of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12554","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0902422106","article-title":"The boundaries of language and thought in deductive inference","volume":"106","author":"Monti","year":"2009","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797612437427","article-title":"Thought beyond language: neural dissociation of algebra and natural language","volume":"23","author":"Monti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-012-0763-9","article-title":"Coding of abstract quantity by \u2018number neurons\u2019 of the primate brain","volume":"199","author":"Nieder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Comparative Physiology A"},{"key":"bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.40","article-title":"The neuronal code for number","volume":"17","author":"Nieder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7457","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0402239101","article-title":"A parieto-frontal network for visual numerical information in the monkey","volume":"101","author":"Nieder","year":"2004","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2522","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1018711108","article-title":"Cortical representation of the constituent structure of sentences","volume":"108","author":"Pallier","year":"2011","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-41932-9_36","volume-title":"Human Factors in Cybersecurity","author":"Pand\u017ea","year":"2016"},{"key":"bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/0732-118X(84)90018-7","article-title":"On the cognitive effects of learning computer programming","volume":"2","author":"Pea","year":"1984","journal-title":"New Ideas in Psychology"},{"key":"bib66","first-page":"2825","article-title":"Scikit-learn: machine learning in Python","volume":"12","author":"Pedregosa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-018-01193-y","article-title":"PsychoPy2: Experiments in behavior made easy","volume":"51","author":"Peirce","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2018.2863303","article-title":"A look into programmers' heads","author":"Peitek","year":"2018","unstructured":"Peitek N, Siegmund J, Apel S, K\u00e4stner C, Parnin C, Bethmann A, Brechmann A. 2018. A look into programmers' heads. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering."},{"key":"bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(87)90007-7","article-title":"Stimulus structures and mental representations in expert comprehension of computer programs","volume":"19","author":"Pennington","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.11.022","article-title":"A Magnitude Code Common to Numerosities and Number Symbols in Human Intraparietal Cortex","volume":"53","author":"Piazza","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2015.09.025","article-title":"Neural foundations and functional specificity of number representations","volume":"83","author":"Piazza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1145\/3152433","article-title":"The introductory computer programming course is first and foremost a language course","volume":"9","author":"Portnoff","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACM Inroads"},{"key":"bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3483","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00063","article-title":"The brain network for deductive reasoning: a quantitative meta-analysis of 28 neuroimaging studies","volume":"23","author":"Prado","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-60661-8","article-title":"Relating natural language aptitude to individual differences in learning programming languages","volume":"10","author":"Prat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5686","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0401227101","article-title":"The change of the brain activation patterns as children learn algebra equation solving","volume":"101","author":"Qin","year":"2004","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1343","article-title":"Anterior prefrontal cortex: insights into function from anatomy and neuroimaging","volume":"5","author":"Ramnani","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.07.060","article-title":"Neural basis of generation of conclusions in elementary deduction","volume":"38","author":"Reverberi","year":"2007","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20947","article-title":"Conditional and syllogistic deductive tasks dissociate functionally during premise integration","volume":"31","author":"Reverberi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"bib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06226-w","article-title":"Anterior-posterior gradient of plasticity in primate prefrontal cortex","volume":"9","author":"Riley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1076\/csed.13.2.137.14200","article-title":"Learning and teaching programming: a review and discussion","volume":"13","author":"Robins","year":"2003","journal-title":"Computer Science Education"},{"key":"bib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2008.08.030","article-title":"The dynamics of deductive reasoning: An fMRI investigation","volume":"47","author":"Rodriguez-Moreno","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"bib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0050208","article-title":"Monotonic Coding of Numerosity in Macaque Lateral Intraparietal Area","volume":"5","author":"Roitman","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLOS Biology"},{"key":"bib83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4354","article-title":"Connectivity precedes function in the development of the visual word form area","volume":"19","author":"Saygin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3095","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhx179","article-title":"Local-Global parcellation of the human cerebral cortex from intrinsic functional connectivity MRI","volume":"28","author":"Schaefer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"bib85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069328","article-title":"The statistical analysis of multi-voxel patterns in functional imaging","volume":"8","author":"Schreiber","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"bib86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2568225.2568252","article-title":"Understanding understanding source code with functional magnetic resonance imaging","author":"Siegmund","year":"2014","unstructured":"Siegmund J, K\u00e4stner C, Apel S, Parnin C, Bethmann A, Leich T, Brechmann A. 2014. Understanding understanding source code with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Paper Presented at the Proceedings of the 36th International Conference on Software Engineering."},{"key":"bib87","article-title":"Measuring neural efficiency of program comprehension","author":"Siegmund","year":"2017","unstructured":"Siegmund J. 2017. Measuring neural efficiency of program comprehension. Proceedings of the 2017 11th Joint Meeting on Foundations of Software Engineering."},{"key":"bib88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.07.051","article-title":"Advances in functional and structural MR image analysis and implementation as FSL","volume":"23 Suppl 1","author":"Smith","year":"2004","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"bib89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.1984.5010283","article-title":"Empirical studies of programming knowledge","volume":"SE-10","author":"Soloway","year":"1984","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering"},{"key":"bib90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.09.063","article-title":"Statistical inference and multiple testing correction in classification-based multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA): random permutations and cluster size control","volume":"65","author":"Stelzer","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"bib91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.06.076","article-title":"Evaluating the roles of the inferior frontal gyrus and superior parietal lobule in deductive reasoning: an rTMS study","volume":"58","author":"Tsujii","year":"2011","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"bib92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2984","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.90713.2008","article-title":"Contributions of primate prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices to length and numerosity representation","volume":"101","author":"Tudusciuc","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"bib93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1109\/2.402076","article-title":"Program comprehension during software maintenance and evolution","volume":"28","author":"Von Mayrhauser","year":"1995","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"bib94","volume-title":"The Psychology of Computer Programming (Vol. 29","author":"Weinberg","year":"1971"},{"key":"bib95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.01042","article-title":"Meta-analysis: how does posterior parietal cortex contribute to reasoning?","volume":"8","author":"Wendelken","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.04.035","article-title":"Multi-voxel coding of stimuli, rules, and responses in human frontoparietal cortex","volume":"56","author":"Woolgar","year":"2011","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"bib97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.04.127","article-title":"The minimal preprocessing pipelines for the human connectome project","volume":"80","author":"WU-Minn HCP Consortium","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"bib98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.11.010","article-title":"Neural basis of cognitive control over movement inhibition: human fMRI and primate electrophysiology evidence","volume":"96","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bib99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.12.023","article-title":"The growth of language: universal grammar, experience, and principles of computation","volume":"81","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"bib100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2013.10.001","article-title":"Fronto-parietal network: flexible hub of cognitive control","volume":"17","author":"Zanto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"bib101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11852","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5193-12.2013","article-title":"Choosing the Rules: Distinct and Overlapping Frontoparietal Representations of Task Rules for Perceptual Decisions","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"}],"container-title":["eLife"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/cdn.elifesciences.org\/articles\/59340\/elife-59340-v1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/cdn.elifesciences.org\/articles\/59340\/elife-59340-v1.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/elifesciences.org\/articles\/59340","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T21:13:01Z","timestamp":1697058781000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/elifesciences.org\/articles\/59340"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]]},"references-count":101,"alternative-id":["10.7554\/eLife.59340"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.59340","archive":["CLOCKSS"],"relation":{"is-supplemented-by":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.17605\/OSF.IO\/58MWU","asserted-by":"subject"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.59340.sa1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.59340.sa2","asserted-by":"object"}],"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.05.24.096180","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2050-084X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-084X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,15]]},"article-number":"e59340"}}