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It is generally assumed that lymphocyte production and lifespan increase homeostatically when lymphocyte numbers are low and, vice versa, return to normal once cell numbers have normalized. This widely accepted concept is largely based on experiments in mice, but is hardly investigated in vivo in humans. Here we quantified lymphocyte production and loss rates in vivo in patients 0.5\u20131 year after their autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (autoHSCT). We indeed found that the production rates of most T- and B-cell subsets in autoHSCT-patients were two to eight times higher than in healthy controls, but went hand in hand with a threefold to ninefold increase in cell loss rates. Both rates also did not normalize when cell numbers did. This shows that increased lymphocyte production and loss rates occur even long after autoHSCT and can persist in the face of apparently normal cell numbers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.59775","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,3]],"date-time":"2021-02-03T08:08:56Z","timestamp":1612339736000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.59775","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Cell-density independent increased lymphocyte production and loss rates post-autologous HSCT"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9276-8839","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mariona","family":"Baliu-Piqu\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vera","family":"van Hoeven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9434-8459","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Julia","family":"Drylewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lotte E","family":"van der Wagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anke","family":"Janssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sigrid 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