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In green algae, a chlorophyll and carotenoid-binding protein, light-harvesting complex stress-related (LHCSR3), detects excess energy via a pH drop and serves as a quenching site. Using a combined in vivo and in vitro approach, we investigated quenching within LHCSR3 from\n                    <jats:italic>Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.<\/jats:italic>\n                    In vitro two distinct quenching processes, individually controlled by pH and zeaxanthin, were identified within LHCSR3. The pH-dependent quenching was removed within a mutant LHCSR3 that lacks the residues that are protonated to sense the pH drop. Observation of quenching in zeaxanthin-enriched LHCSR3 even at neutral pH demonstrated zeaxanthin-dependent quenching, which also occurs in other light-harvesting complexes. Either pH- or zeaxanthin-dependent quenching prevented the formation of damaging reactive oxygen species, and thus the two quenching processes may together provide different induction and recovery kinetics for photoprotection in a changing environment.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.60383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T08:00:58Z","timestamp":1610697658000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.60383","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Identification of distinct pH- and zeaxanthin-dependent quenching in LHCSR3 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Julianne M","family":"Troiano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United 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Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"EonSeon","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2824-7916","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stefano","family":"Cazzaniga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8410-3397","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matteo","family":"Ballottari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7746-2981","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gabriela 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