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Potential neural substrates include the frontal eye field (FEF) and caudate nucleus, but their distinct roles are not understood. Previously we showed that monkeys\u2019 decisions on a direction-discrimination task with asymmetric rewards reflected a biased accumulate-to-bound decision process (Fan et al., 2018) that was affected by caudate microstimulation (Doi et al., 2020). Here we compared single-neuron activity in FEF and caudate to each other and to accumulate-to-bound model predictions derived from behavior. Task-dependent neural modulations were similar in both regions. However, choice-selective neurons in FEF, but not caudate, encoded behaviorally derived biases in the accumulation process. Baseline activity in both regions was sensitive to reward context, but this sensitivity was not reliably associated with behavioral biases. These results imply distinct contributions of FEF and caudate neurons to reward-biased decision-making and put experimental constraints on the neural implementation of accumulation-to-bound-like computations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.60535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,27]],"date-time":"2020-11-27T07:00:18Z","timestamp":1606460418000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.60535","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Frontal eye field and caudate neurons make different contributions to reward-biased perceptual decisions"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2597-5173","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yunshu","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6018-0483","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joshua I","family":"Gold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1716-3848","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Long","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.07.022","article-title":"Striatal microstimulation induces persistent and repetitive negative Decision-Making predicted by striatal Beta-Band oscillation","volume":"99","author":"Amemori","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.05.040","article-title":"Differences between neural activity in prefrontal cortex and striatum during learning of novel abstract categories","volume":"71","author":"Antzoulatos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21767","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0908104107","article-title":"How the brain integrates costs and benefits during decision making","volume":"107","author":"Basten","year":"2010","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3939","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4151-12.2013","article-title":"Temporal characteristics of the influence of punishment on perceptual decision making in the human brain","volume":"33","author":"Blank","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14383","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2551-07.2007","article-title":"Immediate reward Bias in humans: fronto-parietal networks and a role for the catechol-O-methyltransferase 158(Val\/Val) genotype","volume":"27","author":"Boettiger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.113.4.700","article-title":"The physics of optimal decision making: a formal analysis of models of performance in two-alternative forced-choice tasks","volume":"113","author":"Bogacz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2006.12.006","article-title":"Optimal decision-making theories: linking neurobiology with behaviour","volume":"11","author":"Bogacz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1985.53.3.603","article-title":"Primate frontal eye fields. 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