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Here, we investigated whether plasticity of individual IT neurons underlies human core object recognition behavioral changes induced with unsupervised visual experience. We built a single-neuron plasticity model combined with a previously established IT population-to-recognition-behavior-linking model to predict human learning effects. We found that our model, after constrained by neurophysiological data, largely predicted the mean direction, magnitude, and time course of human performance changes. We also found a previously unreported dependency of the observed human performance change on the initial task difficulty. This result adds support to the hypothesis that tolerant core object recognition in human and non-human primates is instructed \u2013 at least in part \u2013 by naturally occurring unsupervised temporal contiguity experience.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.60830","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]],"date-time":"2021-06-11T08:00:54Z","timestamp":1623398454000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.60830","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Unsupervised changes in core object recognition behavior are predicted by neural plasticity in inferior temporal cortex"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5484-9331","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiaoxuan","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States"},{"name":"McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Cambridge, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ha","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States"},{"name":"McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Cambridge, United States"},{"name":"Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James J","family":"DiCarlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States"},{"name":"McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Cambridge, United States"},{"name":"Center for Brains, Minds and Machines, Cambridge, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6730","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1423328112","article-title":"Optogenetic and pharmacological suppression of spatial clusters of face neurons reveal their causal role in face gender discrimination","volume":"112","author":"Afraz","year":"2015","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib2","article-title":"Learning to see by moving","volume-title":"arXiv","author":"Agrawal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Agrawal P, Carreira J, Malik J. 2015. 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