{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T01:37:57Z","timestamp":1792373877687,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614297600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614297600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["106918\/Z\/15\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["106918\/Z\/15\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/M011224\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/M011224\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"H2020 European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["803375"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["803375"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012818","name":"Comunidad de Madrid","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016-T1\/BIO-1105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016-T1\/BIO-1105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","award":["BIO2017-85056-P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BIO2017-85056-P"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elifesciences.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Mobile integrons are widespread genetic platforms that allow bacteria to modulate the expression of antibiotic resistance cassettes by shuffling their position from a common promoter. Antibiotic stress induces the expression of an integrase that excises and integrates cassettes, and this unique recombination and expression system is thought to allow bacteria to \u2018evolve on demand\u2019 in response to antibiotic pressure. To test this hypothesis, we inserted a custom three-cassette integron into\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    and used experimental evolution to measure the impact of integrase activity on adaptation to gentamicin. Crucially, integrase activity accelerated evolution by increasing the expression of a gentamicin resistance cassette through duplications and by eliminating redundant cassettes. Importantly, we found no evidence of deleterious off-target effects of integrase activity. In summary, integrons accelerate resistance evolution by rapidly generating combinatorial variation in cassette composition while maintaining genomic integrity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.62474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T08:00:20Z","timestamp":1614326420000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.62474","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":100,"title":["Integron activity accelerates the evolution of antibiotic resistance"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7194-4322","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"C\u00e9lia","family":"Souque","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oxford, Department of Zoology, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8552-2956","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Antonio","family":"Escudero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oxford, Department of Zoology, Oxford, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Departamento de Sanidad Animal and VISAVET, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R Craig","family":"MacLean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oxford, Department of Zoology, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1527","article-title":"Limitations of next-generation genome sequence assembly","volume":"8","author":"Alkan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature Methods"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genet-102108-134805","article-title":"Gene amplification and adaptive evolution in bacteria","volume":"43","author":"Andersson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annual Review of Genetics"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btw493","article-title":"plasmidSPAdes: assembling plasmids from whole genome sequencing data","volume":"151","author":"Antipov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051602","article-title":"Integrase-mediated recombination of the veb1 gene cassette encoding an extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase","volume":"7","author":"Aubert","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/0147-619X(88)90019-4","article-title":"Physical and genetic map of the IncW plasmid R388","volume":"20","author":"Avila","year":"1988","journal-title":"Plasmid"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1089\/cmb.2012.0021","article-title":"SPAdes: a new genome assembly algorithm and its applications to single-cell sequencing","volume":"19","author":"Bankevich","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Computational Biology"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.02455-14","article-title":"Diversity of class 1 integron gene cassette rearrangements selected under antibiotic pressure","volume":"197","author":"Barraud","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Bacteriology"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-15-1039","article-title":"Identifying structural variation in haploid microbial genomes from short-read resequencing data using breseq","volume":"15","author":"Barrick","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu170","article-title":"Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for illumina sequence data","volume":"30","author":"Bolger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"bib10","article-title":"Picard toolkit","volume-title":"GitHub","author":"Broad Institute","year":"2019","unstructured":"Broad Institute. 2019. 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