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Grooming is a prototypical stereotyped behavior that is often used as an endophenotype in psychiatric genetics. Here, we used mouse grooming behavior as an example and developed a general purpose neural network architecture capable of dynamic action detection at human observer-level performance and operating across dozens of mouse strains with high visual diversity. We provide insights into the amount of human annotated training data that are needed to achieve such performance. We surveyed grooming behavior in the open field in 2457 mice across 62 strains, determined its heritable components, conducted GWAS to outline its genetic architecture, and performed PheWAS to link human psychiatric traits through shared underlying genetics. Our general machine learning solution that automatically classifies complex behaviors in large datasets will facilitate systematic studies of behavioral mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.63207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]],"date-time":"2021-03-17T09:00:16Z","timestamp":1615971616000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.63207","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Action detection using a neural network elucidates the genetics of mouse grooming behavior"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7822-486X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Brian Q","family":"Geuther","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7577-353X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Asaf","family":"Peer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gautam","family":"Sabnis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivek M","family":"Philip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6643-7465","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vivek","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1111\/gbb.12343","article-title":"5HT2A receptor blockade in Dorsomedial striatum reduces repetitive behaviors in BTBR mice","volume":"16","author":"Amodeo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genes, Brain and Behavior"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/msb.20156651","article-title":"Deep learning for computational biology","volume":"12","author":"Angermueller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Molecular Systems Biology"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5)","author":"Association","year":"2013"},{"key":"bib4","article-title":"Third international AAAI conference on weblogs and social media","author":"Bastian","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bastian M, Heymann S, Jacomy M. 2009. 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