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The medial olivocochlear (MOC) efferent system is part of a reflex arc that critically controls auditory sensitivity. Multiple central pathways contact MOC neurons, raising the question of how a reflex arc could be engaged by diverse inputs. We examined functional properties of synapses onto brainstem MOC neurons from ascending (ventral cochlear nucleus, VCN) and descending (inferior colliculus, IC) sources in mice using an optogenetic approach. We found that these pathways exhibited opposing forms of short-term plasticity, with the VCN input showing depression and the IC input showing marked facilitation. By using a conductance-clamp approach, we found that combinations of facilitating and depressing inputs enabled firing of MOC neurons over a surprisingly wide dynamic range, suggesting an essential role for descending signaling to a brainstem nucleus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.66396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]],"date-time":"2021-07-12T08:00:25Z","timestamp":1626076825000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.66396","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Distinct forms of synaptic plasticity during ascending vs descending control of medial olivocochlear efferent neurons"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6086-5546","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gabriel E","family":"Romero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology & Pharmacology Graduate Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1171-2356","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Laurence O","family":"Trussell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon Hearing Research Center and Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901830305","article-title":"Ascending projections to the inferior colliculus","volume":"183","author":"Adams","year":"1979","journal-title":"The Journal of Comparative Neurology"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2015.00021","article-title":"Stronger efferent suppression of cochlear neural potentials by contralateral acoustic stimulation in awake than in anesthetized 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