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However, the effects of Bt-crops exposure on microorganisms that interact with crop pests have not previously been quantified. Here, we use laboratory and field data to show that infection of\n                    <jats:italic>Helicoverpa armigera<\/jats:italic>\n                    with a densovirus (HaDV2) is associated with its enhanced growth and tolerance to Bt-cotton. Moreover, field monitoring showed a much higher incidence of cotton bollworm infection with HaDV2 in regions cultivated with Bt-cotton than in regions without it, with the rate of densovirus infection increasing with increasing use of Bt-cotton. RNA-seq suggested tolerance to both baculovirus and Cry1Ac were enhanced via the immune-related pathways. These findings suggest that exposure to Bt-crops has selected for beneficial interactions between the target pest and a mutualistic microorganism that enhances its performance on Bt-crops under field conditions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.66913","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]],"date-time":"2021-07-14T08:00:26Z","timestamp":1626249626000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.66913","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Rapid spread of a densovirus in a major crop pest following wide-scale adoption of Bt-cotton in China"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Yutao","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Fertility, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianming","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengjun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China"},{"name":"Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minghui","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"He","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weigang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Sober\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Morelos, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandra","family":"Bravo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Morelos, United 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