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Such models arguably exploit connections between the neocortex and the cerebellum, supporting proactive adaptation. Here, we tested whether temporo-cerebellar disconnection is associated with the processing of sound at short timescales. First, we identify lesion-specific deficits for the encoding of short timescale spectro-temporal non-speech and speech properties in patients with left posterior temporal cortex stroke. Second, using lesion-guided probabilistic tractography in healthy participants, we revealed bidirectional temporo-cerebellar connectivity with cerebellar dentate nuclei and crura I\/II. These findings support the view that the encoding and modeling of rapidly modulated auditory spectro-temporal properties can rely on a temporo-cerebellar interface. We discuss these findings in view of the conjecture that proactive adaptation to a dynamic environment via internal models is a generalizable principle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.67303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]],"date-time":"2021-09-20T10:00:12Z","timestamp":1632132012000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.67303","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Temporo-cerebellar connectivity underlies timing constraints in audition"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5804-2498","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anika","family":"Stockert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Language and Aphasia Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Leipzig University Hospital","place":["Leipzig, Germany"]},{"name":"Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences","place":["Leipzig, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3366-4893","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael","family":"Schwartze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences","place":["Leipzig, Germany"]},{"name":"Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University","place":["Maastricht, Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Poeppel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics","place":["Frankfurt, Germany"]},{"name":"Department of Psychology, New York University","place":["New York, United 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