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Mechanisms of endochondral ossification are conserved across growth plates, which increases covariation in size and shape among bones, and in turn may lead to correlated changes in skeletal traits not under direct selection. We used micro-CT and geometric morphometrics to characterize shape changes in the cranium of the Longshanks mouse, which was selectively bred for longer tibiae. We show that Longshanks skulls became longer, flatter, and narrower in a stepwise process. Moreover, we show that these morphological changes likely resulted from developmental changes in the growth plates of the Longshanks cranial base, mirroring changes observed in its tibia. Thus, indirect and non-adaptive morphological changes can occur due to developmental overlap among distant skeletal elements, with important implications for interpreting the evolutionary history of vertebrate skeletal form.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.67612","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]],"date-time":"2021-04-26T08:02:39Z","timestamp":1619424159000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.67612","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Selection for increased tibia length in mice alters skull shape through parallel changes in developmental mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6793-8173","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Colton M","family":"Unger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada"},{"name":"McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Calgary, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0600-1058","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jay","family":"Devine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7192-9103","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Benedikt","family":"Hallgr\u00edmsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Calgary, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada"},{"name":"Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute for Child and Maternal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7242-342X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Campbell","family":"Rolian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Calgary, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","volume-title":"Geomorph: Software for Geometric Morphometric Analyses","author":"Adams","year":"2020","unstructured":"Adams D, Collyer M, Kaliontzopoulou A. 2020. 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