{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:58:03Z","timestamp":1787032683707,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]],"date-time":"2021-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]],"date-time":"2021-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628812800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]],"date-time":"2021-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"ZonMw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["09120011910035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["09120011910035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011272","name":"FP7 Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["305522"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["305522"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elifesciences.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"abs1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>It remains unclear whether combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens differ in their ability to fully suppress human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication. Here, we report the results of two cross-sectional studies that compared levels of cell-associated (CA) HIV markers between individuals receiving suppressive ART containing either a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) or a protease inhibitor (PI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      CA HIV unspliced RNA and total HIV DNA were quantified in two cohorts (n = 100, n = 124) of individuals treated with triple ART regimens consisting of two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) plus either an NNRTI or a PI. To compare CA HIV RNA and DNA levels between the regimens, we built multivariable models adjusting for age, gender, current and nadir CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      count, plasma viral load zenith, duration of virological suppression, NRTI backbone composition, low-level plasma HIV RNA detectability, and electronically measured adherence to ART.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In both cohorts, levels of CA HIV RNA and DNA strongly correlated (rho = 0.70 and rho = 0.54) and both markers were lower in NNRTI-treated than in PI-treated individuals. In the multivariable analysis, CA RNA in both cohorts remained significantly reduced in NNRTI-treated individuals (p\n                      <jats:sub>adj<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 0.02 in both cohorts), with a similar but weaker association between the ART regimen and total HIV DNA (p\n                      <jats:sub>adj<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 0.048 and p\n                      <jats:sub>adj<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 0.10). No differences in CA HIV RNA or DNA levels were observed between individual NNRTIs or individual PIs, but CA HIV RNA was lower in individuals treated with either nevirapine or efavirenz, compared to PI-treated individuals.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All current classes of antiretroviral drugs only prevent infection of new cells but do not inhibit HIV RNA transcription in long-lived reservoir cells. Therefore, these differences in CA HIV RNA and DNA levels by treatment regimen suggest that NNRTIs are more potent in suppressing HIV residual replication than PIs, which may result in a smaller viral reservoir size.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs5\">\n                    <jats:title>Funding:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This work was supported by ZonMw (09120011910035) and FP7 Health (305522).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.68174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]],"date-time":"2021-08-13T08:00:24Z","timestamp":1628841624000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.68174","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based combination antiretroviral therapy is associated with lower cell-associated HIV RNA and DNA levels compared to protease inhibitor-based therapy"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4097-4251","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alexander O","family":"Pasternak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jelmer","family":"Vroom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9429-7754","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Neeltje A","family":"Kootstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory of Viral Immune Pathogenesis, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferdinand WNM","family":"Wit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands"},{"name":"HIV Monitoring Foundation, Amsterdam, Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marijn","family":"de Bruin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Psychology Group, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"De Francesco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margreet","family":"Bakker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline A","family":"Sabin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Winston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan M","family":"Prins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Reiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands"},{"name":"HIV Monitoring Foundation, Amsterdam, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Berkhout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam, 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