{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T01:24:49Z","timestamp":1792027489620,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]],"date-time":"2021-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]],"date-time":"2021-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625011200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]],"date-time":"2021-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625011200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["390727645 and BE5601\/4-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["390727645 and BE5601\/4-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Federal Ministry of Education and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FKZ 01GQ1601 and 01IS18039A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FKZ 01GQ1601 and 01IS18039A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U19MH114830"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19MH114830"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elifesciences.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Comparing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic between countries or across time is difficult because the reported numbers of cases and deaths can be strongly affected by testing capacity and reporting policy. Excess mortality, defined as the increase in all-cause mortality relative to the expected mortality, is widely considered as a more objective indicator of the COVID-19 death toll. However, there has been no global, frequently updated repository of the all-cause mortality data across countries. To fill this gap, we have collected weekly, monthly, or quarterly all-cause mortality data from 103 countries and territories, openly available as the regularly updated World Mortality Dataset. We used this dataset to compute the excess mortality in each country during the COVID-19 pandemic. We found that in several worst-affected countries (Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Mexico) the excess mortality was above 50% of the expected annual mortality (Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Mexico) or above 400 excess deaths per 100,000 population (Peru, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Serbia). At the same time, in several other countries (e.g. Australia and New Zealand) mortality during the pandemic was below the usual level, presumably due to social distancing measures decreasing the non-COVID infectious mortality. Furthermore, we found that while many countries have been reporting the COVID-19 deaths very accurately, some countries have been substantially underreporting their COVID-19 deaths (e.g. Nicaragua, Russia, Uzbekistan), by up to two orders of magnitude (Tajikistan). Our results highlight the importance of open and rapid all-cause mortality reporting for pandemic monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.69336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]],"date-time":"2021-06-30T08:40:13Z","timestamp":1625042413000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.69336","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":485,"title":["Tracking excess mortality across countries during the COVID-19 pandemic with the World Mortality Dataset"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0966-5837","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ariel","family":"Karlinsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5639-7209","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dmitry","family":"Kobak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/b14755","volume-title":"Statistical Theory: A Concise Introduction","author":"Abramovich","year":"2013"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.5469","article-title":"The leading causes of death in the US for 2020","volume":"325","author":"Ahmad","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"bib3","article-title":"The Texas Winter Storm and Power Outages Killed Hundreds More People Than the State Says","volume-title":"BuzzFeed News","author":"Aldhous","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aldhous P, Lee SM, Hirji Z. 2021. The Texas Winter Storm and Power Outages Killed Hundreds More People Than the State Says. BuzzFeed News. https:\/\/www.buzzfeednews.com\/article\/peteraldhous\/texas-winter-storm-power-outage-death-toll [Accessed May 27, 2021]."},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31865-1","article-title":"Italy's first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic has ended: no excess mortality in May, 2020","volume":"396","author":"Alicandro","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e925","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00173-X","article-title":"Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in Iquitos, Peru in July and August, 2020: a population-based study","volume":"9","author":"\u00c1lvarez-Antonio","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"bib6","volume-title":"A Pandemic Primer on Excess Mortality Statistics and Their Comparability Across Countries","author":"Aron","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aron J, Muellbauer J. 2020. Our World in Data. A Pandemic Primer on Excess Mortality Statistics and Their Comparability Across Countries. https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/covid-excess-mortality."},{"key":"bib7","volume-title":"What Drove the Historically Large Murder Spike in 2020?","author":"Arthur","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arthur R, Asher J. 2020. The Intercept. What Drove the Historically Large Murder Spike in 2020?. https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2021\/02\/21\/2020-murder-homicide-rate-causes\/."},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv105","article-title":"Data resource profile: the human mortality database (HMD)","volume":"44","author":"Barbieri","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1177\/0141076820956802","article-title":"Excess mortality: the gold standard in measuring the impact of COVID-19 worldwide?","volume":"113","author":"Beaney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine"},{"key":"bib10","article-title":"Suicide during covid-19: myths, realities and lessons learned","volume":"12","author":"Black","year":"2021","journal-title":"UBC Medical Journal"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240286","article-title":"Estimating weekly excess mortality at sub-national level in Italy during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"15","author":"Blangiardo","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1080\/09332480.2020.1787743","article-title":"How can we estimate the death toll from COVID-19?","volume":"33","author":"Boka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chance"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.2021.v111i8.15809","article-title":"Tracking mortality in near to real time provides essential information about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa in 2020","volume":"10","author":"Bradshaw","year":"2021","journal-title":"The South African Medical Journal"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106331","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 lockdown policy on homicide, suicide, and motor vehicle deaths in Peru","volume":"143","author":"Calderon-Anyosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"bib15","article-title":"COVID-19 mortality in Latin America: an analysis of available data","author":"Castanheira","year":"2021","unstructured":"Castanheira HZ, da Silva JHM, Del Popolo F. 2021. COVID-19 mortality in Latin America: an analysis of available data. Population Association of America Annual\u00a0Conference, 2021."},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-02016-2","article-title":"Using syndromic measures of mortality to capture the dynamics of COVID-19 in Java, Indonesia, in the context of vaccination rollout","volume":"19","author":"Djaafara","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Medicine"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30120-1","article-title":"An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time","volume":"20","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"bib18","volume-title":"Road Safety: 4000 Fewer People Lost Their Lives on Eu Roads in 2020 as Death Rate Falls to All Time Low","author":"European Commission","year":"2021","unstructured":"European Commission. 2021. European Commission. Road Safety: 4000 Fewer People Lost Their Lives on Eu Roads in 2020 as Death Rate Falls to All Time Low. https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/transport\/modes\/road\/news\/2021-04-20-road-safety_en."},{"key":"bib19","volume-title":"Vital Statistics: A Memorial Volume of Selections From the Reports and Writings of William Farr","author":"Farr","year":"1885"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.2307\/2983331","article-title":"A statistical algorithm for the early detection of outbreaks of infectious disease","volume":"159","author":"Farrington","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.17527","article-title":"Comparison of estimated excess deaths in New York City during the COVID-19 and 1918 influenza pandemics","volume":"3","author":"Faust","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.8012","article-title":"Mortality from drug overdoses, homicides, unintentional injuries, motor vehicle crashes, and suicides during the pandemic, March-August 2020","volume":"326","author":"Faust","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"bib23","volume-title":"Police Crime Statistics","author":"Federal Criminal Police Office","year":"2021","unstructured":"Federal Criminal Police Office. 2021. Bundeskriminalamt. Police Crime Statistics. https:\/\/www.bka.de\/EN\/CurrentInformation\/PoliceCrimeStatistics\/2020\/pcs2020."},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hci025","article-title":"Why do older patients die in a heatwave?","volume":"98","author":"Flynn","year":"2005","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-006-0089-4","article-title":"Excess mortality related to the August 2003 heat wave in France","volume":"80","author":"Fouillet","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dym253","article-title":"Has the impact of heat waves on mortality changed in France since the European heat wave of summer 2003? A study of the 2006 heat wave","volume":"37","author":"Fouillet","year":"2008","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.015","article-title":"Excess deaths associated with the Iranian COVID-19 epidemic: a province-level analysis","volume":"107","author":"Ghafari","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"bib28","volume-title":"Excess Mortality During the Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19)","author":"Giattino","year":"2020","unstructured":"Giattino C, Ritchie H, Roser M, Esteban O-O, Joe H. 2020. Our World in Data. Excess Mortality During the Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19). https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/excess-mortality-covid."},{"key":"bib29","volume-title":"Variation in Government Responses to COVID-19. BSG Working Paper Series","author":"Hale","year":"2020"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112007","article-title":"Excess mortality from epidemic influenza, 1957-1966","volume":"100","author":"Housworth","year":"1974","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n1137","article-title":"Excess deaths associated with covid-19 pandemic in 2020: age and sex disaggregated time series analysis in 29 high income countries","volume":"373","author":"Islam","year":"2021","journal-title":"The BMJ"},{"key":"bib32","article-title":"World Mortality Dataset","volume-title":"Software Heritage","author":"Karlinsky","year":"2021","unstructured":"Karlinsky A, Kobak D. 2021. World Mortality Dataset. Software Heritage. swh:1:rev:03534f5db091e7dbada157e4eb92d663b1d1287f. https:\/\/archive.softwareheritage.org\/swh:1:rev:03534f5db091e7dbada157e4eb92d663b1d1287f."},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/1740-9713.01486","article-title":"Excess mortality reveals Covid's true toll in Russia","volume":"18","author":"Kobak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Significance"},{"key":"bib34","article-title":"Excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume-title":"Software Heritage","author":"Kobak","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kobak D. 2021b. Excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic. Software Heritage. swh:1:rev:f765cf8bb7d3246bed22f85c832a63b0cf58b904. https:\/\/archive.softwareheritage.org\/swh:1:rev:f765cf8bb7d3246bed22f85c832a63b0cf58b904."},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1112-0","article-title":"Magnitude, demographics and dynamics of the effect of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic on all-cause mortality in 21 industrialized countries","volume":"26","author":"Kontis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-004564","article-title":"Excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic: a geospatial and statistical analysis in Aden governorate, Yemen","volume":"6","author":"Koum Besson","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Global Health"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32647-7","article-title":"Reduced mortality in New Zealand during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"397","author":"Kung","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.02.13.21251670","article-title":"Excess mortality in suicide caused by covid-19 in Japan","volume-title":"medRxiv","author":"Kurita","year":"2021"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/5.1.13","article-title":"William Farr: founder of modern concepts of surveillance","volume":"5","author":"Langmuir","year":"1976","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"bib40","volume-title":"Preliminary Analysis of Excess Mortality in India During the Covid-19 Pandemic","author":"Leffler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Leffler C. 2021. Research-Gate. Preliminary Analysis of Excess Mortality in India During the Covid-19 Pandemic. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/352354558_Preliminary_Analysis_of_Excess_Mortality_in_India_during_the_Covid-19_Pandemic_Update_June_27."},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30933-8","article-title":"COVID-19: a need for real-time monitoring of weekly excess deaths","volume":"395","author":"Leon","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-020-00698-1","article-title":"Assessing the age specificity of infection fatality rates for COVID-19: systematic review, meta-analysis, and public policy implications","volume":"35","author":"Levin","year":"2020","journal-title":"European Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"bib43","volume-title":"Estimation of All-Cause Excess Mortality by Age-Specific Mortality Patterns of COVID-19 Pandemic in Peru in 2020","author":"Lloyd-Sherlock","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lloyd-Sherlock P, Ebrahim S, Mart\u00cdnez R, McKee M, Acosta E, Semp\u00e8 L. 2021. SSRN Scholarly Paper (ID 3820553). Estimation of All-Cause Excess Mortality by Age-Specific Mortality Patterns of COVID-19 Pandemic in Peru in 2020. https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/abstract=3820553."},{"key":"bib44","volume-title":"Ascertainment of the Estimated Excess Mortality From Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico","author":"Milken Institute","year":"2018","unstructured":"Milken Institute. 2018. Milken Institute School of Public Health. Ascertainment of the Estimated Excess Mortality From Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico. https:\/\/publichealth.gwu.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/downloads\/projects\/PRstudy\/Acertainment%20of%20the%20Estimated%20Excess%20Mortality%20from%20Hurricane%20Maria%20in%20Puerto%20Rico.pdf."},{"key":"bib45","volume-title":"Criterios T\u00e9cnicos Para Actualizar La Cifra De Fallecidos Por COVID-19en El Per\u00fa","author":"Ministry of Health","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ministry of Health. 2021. Presidencia del Consejo de Ministros. Criterios T\u00e9cnicos Para Actualizar La Cifra De Fallecidos Por COVID-19en El Per\u00fa. https:\/\/www.gob.pe\/institucion\/pcm\/informes-publicaciones\/1943691-criterios-tecnicos-para-actualizar-la-cifra-de-fallecidos-por-covid-19-en-el-peru."},{"key":"bib46","volume-title":"Insecurity and Delinquency in 2020: A First Snapshot - Interstats Analysis No. 32","author":"Ministry of the Interior","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ministry of the Interior. 2021. Ministry of the Interior. Insecurity and Delinquency in 2020: A First Snapshot - Interstats Analysis No. 32. https:\/\/www.interieur.gouv.fr\/Interstats\/Themes\/Homicides\/Insecurite-et-delinquance-en-2020-une-premiere-photographie-Interstats-Analyse-N-32."},{"key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22944-0","article-title":"Estimating COVID-19 mortality in Italy early in the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"12","author":"Modi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69895-4","article-title":"Estimation of potential global pandemic influenza mortality on the basis of vital registry data from the 1918\u201320 pandemic: a quantitative analysis","volume":"368","author":"Murray","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n334","article-title":"Covid-19 deaths in Africa: prospective systematic postmortem surveillance study","volume":"372","author":"Mwananyanda","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"bib50","volume-title":"Motor Vehicle Deaths in 2020 Estimated to Be Highest in 13 Years, Despite Dramatic Drops in Miles Driven","author":"National Safety Council","year":"2021","unstructured":"National Safety Council. 2021. National Safety Council. Motor Vehicle Deaths in 2020 Estimated to Be Highest in 13 Years, Despite Dramatic Drops in Miles Driven. https:\/\/www.nsc.org\/newsroom\/motor-vehicle-deaths-2020-estimated-to-be-highest."},{"key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246663","article-title":"An open-sourced, web-based application to analyze weekly excess mortality based on the Short-term Mortality Fluctuations data series","volume":"16","author":"N\u00e9meth","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.5595","article-title":"An improved algorithm for outbreak detection in multiple surveillance systems","volume":"32","author":"Noufaily","year":"2013","journal-title":"Statistics in Medicine"},{"key":"bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2918-0","article-title":"Age-specific mortality and immunity patterns of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"590","author":"O\u2019Driscoll","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e238","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30484-9","article-title":"Comparing SARS-CoV-2 with SARS-CoV and influenza pandemics","volume":"20","author":"Petersen","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00091-2","article-title":"Suicide trends in the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic: an interrupted time-series analysis of preliminary data from 21 countries","volume":"8","author":"Pirkis","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"bib56","volume-title":"All-Cause Excess Mortality During the COVID-19 Pandemic Argentina, 2020,\u00a0Revista Argentina De Salud P\u00fablica","author":"Rearte","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rearte A, Mois\u00e9s MS, Rueda DV, Laurora MA, Flamenco MA, Pennini VA, Giovacchini CM, Guevel C. 2021. All-Cause Excess Mortality During the COVID-19 Pandemic Argentina, 2020,\u00a0Revista Argentina De Salud P\u00fablica."},{"key":"bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyab027","article-title":"Data resource profile: coverage-db: a global demographic database of COVID-19 cases and deaths","volume":"50","author":"Riffe","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-020-00496-x","article-title":"All-cause mortality supports the COVID-19 mortality in Belgium and comparison with major fatal events of the last century","volume":"78","author":"Sierra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Archives of Public Health"},{"key":"bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001558","article-title":"Global mortality estimates for the 2009 influenza pandemic from the GLaMOR project: a modeling study","volume":"10","author":"Simonsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS Medicine"},{"key":"bib60","volume-title":"Data and Methods for the Production of National Population Estimates: An Overview and Analysis of Available Metadata","author":"Spoorenberg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Spoorenberg T. 2020. United Nations, Department of Economics and Social Affairs, Population Division. Data and Methods for the Production of National Population Estimates: An Overview and Analysis of Available Metadata. https:\/\/www.un.org\/development\/desa\/pd\/content\/data-and-methods-production-national-population-estimates-overview-and-analysis-available."},{"key":"bib61","volume-title":"Short-Term Mortality Fluctuation Data Series. Human Mortality Database","author":"STMF","year":"2021","unstructured":"STMF. 2021. University of California Berkeley (USA) and Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research (Germany). Short-Term Mortality Fluctuation Data Series. Human Mortality Database. https:\/\/www.mortality.org."},{"key":"bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-01042-z","article-title":"Increase in suicide following an initial decline during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan","volume":"5","author":"Tanaka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"},{"key":"bib63","article-title":"There Have Been 7m\u201313m Excess Deaths Worldwide During the Pandemic","volume-title":"The Economist","author":"The Economist","year":"2021","unstructured":"The Economist. 2021. There Have Been 7m\u201313m Excess Deaths Worldwide During the Pandemic. The Economist. https:\/\/www.economist.com\/briefing\/2021\/05\/15\/there-have-been-7m-13m-excess-deaths-worldwide-during-the-pandemic [Accessed May 13, 2021]."},{"key":"bib64","volume-title":"Fatalities for 2020 Annual Statistics for Western Balkans","author":"Transport Community","year":"2021","unstructured":"Transport Community. 2021. Transport Community Permanent Secretariat. Fatalities for 2020 Annual Statistics for Western Balkans. https:\/\/www.transport-community.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Annual-Statistics-2020.pdf."},{"key":"bib65","volume-title":"Demographic Yearbook 2019","author":"UNSD","year":"2019","unstructured":"UNSD. 2019. United Nations, Statistics Division. Demographic Yearbook 2019. https:\/\/unstats.un.org\/unsd\/demographic-social\/products\/dyb\/dyb_2019\/."},{"key":"bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.17843\/rpmesp.2018.353.3913","article-title":"Resultados preliminares del fortalecimiento del sistema inform\u00e1tico nacional de defunciones","volume":"35","author":"Vargas-Herrera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud P\u00fablica"},{"key":"bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1086\/431150","article-title":"Multinational Impact of the 1968 Hong Kong Influenza Pandemic: Evidence for a Smoldering Pandemic","volume":"192","author":"Viboud","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv534","article-title":"Global Mortality Impact of the 1957\u20131959 Influenza Pandemic","volume":"213","author":"Viboud","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"bib69","volume-title":"Report 39 - Characterising COVID-19 Epidemic Dynamics and Mortality Under-Ascertainment in Khartoum, Sudan","author":"Watson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Watson OJ, Alhaffar M, Mehchy Z, Whittaker C, Akil Z, Brazeau NF, CuomoDannenburg G, Hamlet A, Thompson HA, Baguelin M. 2020. MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis. Report 39 - Characterising COVID-19 Epidemic Dynamics and Mortality Under-Ascertainment in Khartoum, Sudan. https:\/\/www.imperial.ac.uk\/mrc-global-infectious-disease-analysis\/covid-19\/report-39-sudan."},{"key":"bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22474-9","article-title":"Leveraging community mortality indicators to infer COVID-19 mortality and transmission dynamics in Damascus, Syria","volume":"12","author":"Watson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.3391","article-title":"Estimation of excess deaths associated with the COVID-19 pandemic in the united states, march to may 2020","volume":"180","author":"Weinberger","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Internal Medicine"},{"key":"bib72","volume-title":"Azerbaijan and Armenia: The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict (R46651)","author":"Welt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Welt C, Bowen AS. 2021. Congressional Research Service, 2021. Azerbaijan and Armenia: The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict (R46651). https:\/\/fas.org\/sgp\/crs\/row\/R46651.pdf."},{"key":"bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.19545","article-title":"Excess deaths from COVID-19 and other causes, March-July 2020","volume":"324","author":"Woolf","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.11787","article-title":"Excess deaths from COVID-19 and other causes, March-April 2020","volume":"324","author":"Woolf","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"}],"container-title":["eLife"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/cdn.elifesciences.org\/articles\/69336\/elife-69336-v3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/cdn.elifesciences.org\/articles\/69336\/elife-69336-v3.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/elifesciences.org\/articles\/69336","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T21:18:30Z","timestamp":1697059110000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/elifesciences.org\/articles\/69336"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]]},"references-count":74,"alternative-id":["10.7554\/eLife.69336"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.69336","archive":["CLOCKSS"],"relation":{"is-supplemented-by":[{"id-type":"accession","id":"world_mortality","asserted-by":"subject"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.69336.sa1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.69336.sa2","asserted-by":"object"}],"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.01.27.21250604","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2050-084X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-084X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"single anonymised","name":"peer_review_transparency","label":"Peer review transparency","group":{"name":"peer_review_taxonomy"}},{"value":"other reviewer(s), editor","name":"peer_review_interaction","label":"Peer review interaction","group":{"name":"peer_review_taxonomy"}},{"value":"review summaries, review reports, author\/editor communication, reviewer identities reviewer opt in, editor identities","name":"peer_review_published","label":"Peer review published","group":{"name":"peer_review_taxonomy"}},{"value":"open (sign in with ORCID iD required)","name":"post_publication_commenting","label":"Post publication commenting","group":{"name":"post_publication_commenting"}}],"article-number":"e69336"}}