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In\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    , sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) of the widely used fluoroquinolones are known to induce the SOS response. Interestingly, the expression of several PMQR\n                    <jats:italic>qnr<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes is controlled by the SOS master regulator, LexA. During the characterization of a small\n                    <jats:italic>qnrD<\/jats:italic>\n                    -plasmid carried in\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli,<\/jats:italic>\n                    we observed that the aminoglycosides become able to induce the SOS response in this species, thus leading to the elevated transcription of\n                    <jats:italic>qnrD<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Our findings show that the induction of the SOS response is due to nitric oxide (NO) accumulation in the presence of sub-MIC of aminoglycosides. We demonstrated that the NO accumulation is driven by two plasmid genes, ORF3 and ORF4, whose products act at two levels. ORF3 encodes a putative flavin adenine dinucleotide (\n                    <jats:italic>FAD<\/jats:italic>\n                    )-binding oxidoreductase which helps NO synthesis, while ORF4 codes for a putative fumarate and nitrate reductase (\n                    <jats:italic>FNR<\/jats:italic>\n                    )-type transcription factor, related to an O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -responsive regulator of\n                    <jats:italic>hmp<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression, able to repress the Hmp-mediated NO detoxification pathway of\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Thus, this discovery, that other major classes of antibiotics may induce the SOS response could have worthwhile implications for antibiotic stewardship efforts in preventing the emergence of resistance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.69511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,17]],"date-time":"2022-01-17T08:00:28Z","timestamp":1642406428000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.69511","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A qnr-plasmid allows aminoglycosides to induce SOS in Escherichia coli"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Anamaria","family":"Babosan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Inserm UMR-S 1250 P3Cell, SFR CAP-Sant\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne","place":["Reims, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Skurnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Universit\u00e9 de Paris, 75015 Paris, France. INSERM U1151-Equipe 1, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Universit\u00e9 de Paris, 75015 Paris, France. Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.","place":["Boston, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana\u00eblle","family":"Muggeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inserm UMR-S 1250 P3Cell, SFR CAP-Sant\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France. Laboratoire de Bact\u00e9riologie-Virologie-Hygi\u00e8ne Hospitali\u00e8re-Parasitologie- Mycologie, CHU Reims, H\u00f4pital Robert Debr\u00e9","place":["Reims, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9112-2331","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gerald B","family":"Pier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School","place":["Boston, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3477-2685","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zeynep","family":"Baharoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Unit\u00e9 Plasticit\u00e9 du G\u00e9nome Bact\u00e9rien, CNRS UMR3525","place":["Paris, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Jov\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Limoges, Inserm, CHU Limoges, RESINFIT, UMR 1092","place":["Limoges, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-C\u00e9cile","family":"Ploy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Limoges, Inserm, CHU Limoges, RESINFIT, UMR 1092","place":["Limoges, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Griveau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences","place":["Paris, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fethi","family":"Bedioui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences","place":["Paris, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Vergnolle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019H\u00e9matologie, CH de Troyes","place":["Troyes, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Moussalih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inserm UMR-S 1250 P3Cell, SFR CAP-Sant\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne","place":["Reims, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"de Champs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inserm UMR-S 1250 P3Cell, SFR CAP-Sant\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France. Laboratoire de Bact\u00e9riologie-Virologie-Hygi\u00e8ne Hospitali\u00e8re-Parasitologie- Mycologie, CHU Reims, H\u00f4pital Robert Debr\u00e9","place":["Reims, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6482-6002","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Didier","family":"Mazel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Unit\u00e9 Plasticit\u00e9 du G\u00e9nome Bact\u00e9rien, CNRS UMR3525","place":["Paris, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3795-0398","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thomas","family":"Guillard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inserm UMR-S 1250 P3Cell, SFR CAP-Sant\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France. 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