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Of great interest is the identification of the chemical signals that control visually guided ocular growth. Here, we provide evidence that the pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-6 (IL-6), may play a pivotal role in the control of ocular growth using a chicken model of myopia. Microarray, real-time RT-qPCR, and ELISA analyses identified IL-6 upregulation in the choroids of chick eyes under two visual conditions that introduce myopic defocus and slow the rate of ocular elongation (recovery from induced myopia and compensation for positive lenses). Intraocular administration of atropine, an agent known to slow ocular elongation, also resulted in an increase in choroidal IL-6 gene expression. Nitric oxide appears to directly or indirectly upregulate choroidal IL-6 gene expression, as administration of the non-specific nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, L-NAME, inhibited choroidal IL-6 gene expression, and application of a nitric oxide donor stimulated IL-6 gene and protein expression in isolated chick choroids. Considering the pleiotropic nature of IL-6 and its involvement in many biological processes, these results suggest that IL-6 may mediate many aspects of the choroidal response in the control of ocular growth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.70608","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,5]],"date-time":"2021-10-05T08:11:12Z","timestamp":1633421472000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.70608","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Visually induced changes in cytokine production in the chick choroid"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8847-7812","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jody A","family":"Summers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center","place":["Oklahoma City, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center","place":["Oklahoma City, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J.R. 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