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While loss of m\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    G37 increases ribosomal +1 frameshifting, whether it incurs additional translational defects is unknown. Here, we address this question by applying ribosome profiling to gain a genome-wide view of the effects of m\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    G37 deficiency on protein synthesis. Using\n                    <jats:italic>E coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    as a model, we show that m\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    G37 deficiency induces ribosome stalling at codons that are normally translated by m\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    G37-containing tRNAs. Stalling occurs during decoding of affected codons at the ribosomal A site, indicating a distinct mechanism than that of +1 frameshifting, which occurs after the affected codons leave the A site. Enzyme- and cell-based assays show that m\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    G37 deficiency reduces tRNA aminoacylation and in some cases peptide-bond formation. We observe changes of gene expression in m\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    G37 deficiency similar to those in the stringent response that is typically induced by deficiency of amino acids. This work demonstrates a previously unrecognized function of m\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    G37 that emphasizes its role throughout the entire elongation cycle of protein synthesis, providing new insight into its essentiality for bacterial growth and survival.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.70619","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T08:00:24Z","timestamp":1628755224000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.70619","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Loss of N1-methylation of G37 in tRNA induces ribosome stalling and reprograms gene expression"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9385-4424","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Isao","family":"Masuda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, United 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