{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T09:26:25Z","timestamp":1791365185942,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]],"date-time":"2021-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]],"date-time":"2021-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629936000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]],"date-time":"2021-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629936000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["207537\/Z\/17\/Z828"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["207537\/Z\/17\/Z828"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/J019364\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/J019364\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/R014752\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/R014752\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101651\/Z\/13\/Z)."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101651\/Z\/13\/Z)."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elifesciences.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 virus Spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD) and the ACE2 cell surface protein is required for viral infection of cells. Mutations in the RBD are present in SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern that have emerged independently worldwide. For example, the B.1.1.7 lineage has a mutation (N501Y) in its Spike RBD that enhances binding to ACE2. There are also ACE2 alleles in humans with mutations in the RBD binding site. Here we perform a detailed affinity and kinetics analysis of the effect of five common RBD mutations (K417N, K417T, N501Y, E484K, and S477N) and two common ACE2 mutations (S19P and K26R) on the RBD\/ACE2 interaction. We analysed the effects of individual RBD mutations and combinations found in new SARS-CoV-2 Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), and Gamma (P1) variants. Most of these mutations increased the affinity of the RBD\/ACE2 interaction. The exceptions were mutations K417N\/T, which decreased the affinity. Taken together with other studies, our results suggest that the N501Y and S477N mutations enhance transmission primarily by enhancing binding, the K417N\/T mutations facilitate immune escape, and the E484K mutation enhances binding and immune escape.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.70658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]],"date-time":"2021-08-26T08:00:23Z","timestamp":1629964823000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.70658","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":361,"title":["Effects of common mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD and its ligand, the human ACE2 receptor on binding affinity and kinetics"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9263-6481","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael I","family":"Barton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford","place":["Oxford, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4233-5071","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stuart A","family":"MacGowan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee","place":["Dundee, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3386-4350","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mikhail A","family":"Kutuzov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford","place":["Oxford, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5847-5226","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Omer","family":"Dushek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford","place":["Oxford, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9014-5355","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Geoffrey John","family":"Barton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee","place":["Dundee, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9902-6590","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"P Anton","family":"van der Merwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford","place":["Oxford, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2008.03.035","article-title":"Determining kinetics and affinities of protein interactions using a parallel real-time label-free biosensor, the octet","volume":"377","author":"Abdiche","year":"2008","journal-title":"Analytical Biochemistry"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003216","article-title":"Characterizing changes in the rate of protein-protein dissociation upon interface mutation using hotspot energy and organization","volume":"9","author":"Agius","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS Computational Biology"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0913-5","article-title":"A serological assay to detect sars-cov-2 seroconversion in humans","volume":"26","author":"Amanat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0327-4","article-title":"Covid-19: Towards understanding of pathogenesis","volume":"30","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Research"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03471-w","article-title":"Escape of SARS-COV-2 501y.V2 from neutralization by convalescent plasma","volume":"593","author":"Cele","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n771","article-title":"Covid-19: Variants and vaccination","volume":"372","author":"Darby","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abg3055","article-title":"Estimated transmissibility and impact of SARS-COV-2 lineage b.1.1.7 in England","volume":"372","author":"Davies","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.03.055","article-title":"Antibody evasion by the p.1 strain of SARS-COV-2","volume":"184","author":"Dejnirattisai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.03.013","article-title":"Multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants escape neutralization by vaccine-induced humoral immunity","volume":"184","author":"Garcia-Beltran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.02.003","article-title":"Comprehensive mapping of mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain that affect recognition by polyclonal human plasma antibodies","volume":"29","author":"Greaney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.11.007","article-title":"Complete Mapping of Mutations to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor-Binding Domain that Escape Antibody Recognition","volume":"29","author":"Greaney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4121","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty407","article-title":"Nextstrain: real-time tracking of pathogen evolution","volume":"34","author":"Hadfield","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13149","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01415-07","article-title":"Affinity thresholds for membrane fusion triggering by viral glycoproteins","volume":"81","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"},{"key":"bib14","article-title":"Covariants: SARS-COV-2 mutations and variants of interest","author":"Hodcroft","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hodcroft EB. 2021. Covariants: SARS-COV-2 mutations and variants of interest. https:\/\/covariants.org\/ [Accessed April 15, 2021]."},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor","volume":"181","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.03.036","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.351 and P.1 escape from neutralizing antibodies","volume":"184","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2308-7","article-title":"The mutational constraint spectrum quantified from variation in 141,456 humans","volume":"581","author":"Karczewski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.06.043","article-title":"Tracking changes in sars-cov-2 spike: Evidence that d614g increases infectivity of the COVID-19 virus","volume":"182","author":"Korber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2021.167058","article-title":"Experimental evidence for enhanced receptor binding by rapidly spreading SARS-COV-2 variants","volume":"433","author":"Laffeber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Molecular Biology"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2180-5","article-title":"Structure of the SARS-COV-2 spike receptor-binding domain bound to the ace2 receptor","volume":"581","author":"Lan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16048-4","article-title":"Neutralization of SARS-COV-2 spike pseudotyped virus by recombinant ACE2-IG","volume":"11","author":"Lei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7600640","article-title":"Receptor and viral determinants of SARS-coronavirus adaptation to human ACE2","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"The EMBO Journal"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-021-00496-8","article-title":"The basis of a more contagious 501y.V1 variant of sars-cov-2","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Research"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.21.445118","article-title":"Missense Variants in Human Ace2 Modify Binding to SARS-COV-2 Spike","volume-title":"bioRxiv","author":"MacGowan","year":"2021"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2110093","article-title":"ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccine Efficacy against the B.1.351 Variant","volume":"385","author":"Madhi","year":"2021","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.02.10.21251247","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of the Chadox1 NCOV-19 (AZD1222) Covid-19 Vaccine against the b.1.351 Variant in South Africa","volume-title":"medRxiv","author":"Madhi","year":"2021"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n597","article-title":"Covid-19: Where are we on vaccines and variants","volume":"372","author":"Mahase","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/s0958-1669(97)80157-7","article-title":"Kinetic analysis of macromolecular interactions using surface plasmon resonance biosensors","volume":"8","author":"Myszka","year":"1997","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Biotechnology"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1352(199909\/10)12:5<279::AID-JMR473>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Improving biosensor analysis","volume":"12","author":"Myszka","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Molecular Recognition"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.20084","article-title":"UCSF Chimera--a visualization system for exploratory research and analysis","volume":"25","author":"Pettersen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Computational Chemistry"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0770-5","article-title":"A dynamic nomenclature proposal for sars-cov-2 lineages to assist genomic epidemiology","volume":"5","author":"Rambaut","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Microbiology"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.06.442903","article-title":"A Phylogeny-Based Metric for Estimating Changes in Transmissibility from Recurrent Mutations in SARS-COV-2","volume-title":"bioRxiv","author":"Richard","year":"2021"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc7520","article-title":"Isolation of potent SARS-COV-2 neutralizing antibodies and protection from disease in a small animal model","volume":"369","author":"Rogers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(21)00183-5","article-title":"Resurgence of COVID-19 in Manaus, Brazil, despite high seroprevalence","volume":"397","author":"Sabino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vex042","article-title":"Treetime: Maximum-likelihood phylodynamic analysis","volume":"4","author":"Sagulenko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virus Evolution"},{"key":"bib36","article-title":"Variants of concern or under investigation: Data up to 19 May 2021","author":"SARS-CoV-2 Variants of concern and variants under investigation - GOV.UK","year":"2021","unstructured":"SARS-CoV-2 Variants of concern and variants under investigation - GOV.UK. 2021. Variants of concern or under investigation: Data up to 19 May 2021. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/covid-19-variants-genomically-confirmed-case-numbers\/variants-distribution-of-cases-data [Accessed May 22, 2021]."},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1038\/nsb0596-427","article-title":"Rapid, electrostatically assisted Association of proteins","volume":"3","author":"Schreiber","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature Structural Biology"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2179-y","article-title":"Structural basis of receptor recognition by SARS-COV-2","volume":"581","author":"Shang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.es.2017.22.13.30494","article-title":"GISAID: Global initiative on sharing all influenza data - from vision to reality","volume":"22","author":"Shu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Euro Surveillance"},{"key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.012","article-title":"Deep mutational scanning of SARS-COV-2 receptor binding domain reveals constraints on folding and ace2 binding","volume":"182","author":"Starr","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.02.033","article-title":"Reduced neutralization of SARS-COV-2 b.1.1.7 variant by convalescent and vaccine Sera","volume":"184","author":"Supasa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03402-9","article-title":"Emergence of a SARS-COV-2 variant of concern with mutations in spike glycoprotein","volume":"592","author":"Tegally","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/s0952-7915(96)80065-3","article-title":"Analysis of cell-adhesion molecule interactions using surface plasmon resonance","volume":"8","author":"van der Merwe","year":"1996","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Immunology"},{"key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.12.30.20249034","article-title":"Transmission of SARS-COV-2 Lineage b.1.1.7 in England: Insights from Linking Epidemiological and Genetic Data","volume-title":"medRxiv","author":"Volz","year":"2021"},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.11.020","article-title":"Evaluating the effects of SARS-COV-2 spike mutation D614G on transmissibility and pathogenicity","volume":"184","author":"Volz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-00468-6","article-title":"Coronavirus biology and replication: Implications for SARS-COV-2","volume":"19","author":"V\u2019kovski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. Microbiology"},{"key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03324-6","article-title":"MRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies to SARS-COV-2 and circulating variants","volume":"592","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.03.052","article-title":"Emergence and rapid transmission of SARS-COV-2 b.1.1.7 in the United States","volume":"184","author":"Washington","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8509","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00489a001","article-title":"Additivity of mutational effects in proteins","volume":"29","author":"Wells","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"bib50","article-title":"Coronavirus (COVID-19) dashboard","author":"WHO","year":"2021","unstructured":"WHO. 2021. Coronavirus (COVID-19) dashboard. https:\/\/covid19.who.int\/ [Accessed April 22, 2021]."},{"key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2196-x","article-title":"Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with covid-2019","volume":"581","author":"W\u00f6lfel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb2507","article-title":"Cryo-em structure of the 2019-ncov spike in the prefusion conformation","volume":"367","author":"Wrapp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb2762","article-title":"Structural basis for the recognition of SARS-COV-2 by full-length human ace2","volume":"367","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.01.06.425392","article-title":"SARS-COV-2 RBD in Vitro Evolution Follows Contagious Mutation Spread, yet Generates an Able Infection Inhibitor","volume-title":"bioRxiv","author":"Zahradn\u00edk","year":"2021"},{"key":"bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19808-4","article-title":"SARS-COV-2 spike-protein D614G mutation increases virion spike density and infectivity","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf2303","article-title":"Structural impact on SARS-COV-2 spike protein by d614g substitution","volume":"372","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.03.24.436620","article-title":"B.1.526 Sars-Cov-2 Variants Identified in New York City Are Neutralized by Vaccine-Elicited and Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies","volume-title":"bioRxiv","author":"Zhou","year":"2021"},{"key":"bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.02.037","article-title":"Evidence of escape of SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.351 from natural and vaccine-induced sera","volume":"184","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"}],"container-title":["eLife"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/cdn.elifesciences.org\/articles\/70658\/elife-70658-v3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/cdn.elifesciences.org\/articles\/70658\/elife-70658-v3.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/elifesciences.org\/articles\/70658","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T21:20:04Z","timestamp":1697059204000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/elifesciences.org\/articles\/70658"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]]},"references-count":58,"alternative-id":["10.7554\/eLife.70658"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.70658","archive":["CLOCKSS"],"relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.05.18.444646","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.05.18.444646","asserted-by":"object"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.70658.sa2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.70658.sa1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2050-084X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-084X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"single anonymised","name":"peer_review_transparency","label":"Peer review transparency","group":{"name":"peer_review_taxonomy"}},{"value":"other reviewer(s), editor","name":"peer_review_interaction","label":"Peer review interaction","group":{"name":"peer_review_taxonomy"}},{"value":"review summaries, review reports, author\/editor communication, reviewer identities reviewer opt in, editor identities","name":"peer_review_published","label":"Peer review published","group":{"name":"peer_review_taxonomy"}},{"value":"open (sign in with ORCID iD required)","name":"post_publication_commenting","label":"Post publication commenting","group":{"name":"post_publication_commenting"}}],"article-number":"e70658"}}