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Neurons in primate visual cortex encode which object owns a border (border ownership), but the underlying circuitry is not understood. Here, we used multielectrode probes to record from border ownership-selective units in different layers in macaque visual area V4 to study the laminar organization and timing of border ownership selectivity. We find that border ownership selectivity occurs first in deep layer units, in contrast to spike latency for small stimuli in the classical receptive field. Units on the same penetration typically share the preferred side of border ownership, also across layers, similar to orientation preference. Units are often border ownership-selective for a range of border orientations, where the preferred sides of border ownership are systematically organized in visual space. Together our data reveal a columnar organization of border ownership in V4 where the earliest border ownership signals are not simply inherited from upstream areas, but computed by neurons in deep layers, and may thus be part of signals fed back to upstream cortical areas or the oculomotor system early after stimulus onset. The finding that preferred border ownership is clustered and can cover a wide range of spatially contiguous locations suggests that the asymmetric context integrated by these neurons is provided in a systematically clustered manner, possibly through corticocortical feedback and horizontal connections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.72573","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]],"date-time":"2021-10-29T07:15:19Z","timestamp":1635491719000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.72573","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Columnar processing of border ownership in primate visual cortex"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7160-5152","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tom P","family":"Franken","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies","place":["La Jolla, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6988-4607","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"John H","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies","place":["La Jolla, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-072116-031418","article-title":"Circuits and Mechanisms for Surround Modulation in Visual Cortex","volume":"40","author":"Angelucci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annual Review of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v031.i10","article-title":"CircStat : A MATLAB Toolbox for Circular Statistics","volume":"31","author":"Berens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.08.020","article-title":"Distinct Laminar Processing of Local and Global Context in Primate Primary Visual Cortex","volume":"100","author":"Bijanzadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8441","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1400-04.2004","article-title":"A quantitative map of the circuit of cat primary visual cortex","volume":"24","author":"Binzegger","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhh154","article-title":"Laminar patterns of local excitatory input to layer 5 neurons in macaque primary visual cortex","volume":"15","author":"Briggs","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.11.026","article-title":"Dynamic shape synthesis in posterior inferotemporal cortex","volume":"49","author":"Brincat","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/s0165-0173(01)00085-6","article-title":"Integrated model of visual processing","volume":"36","author":"Bullier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Research. 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