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The resulting net-like macromolecule is the essential component of bacterial cell walls that sustains the osmotic pressure of the cytoplasm. In\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    , bypass of PBPs by the YcbB L,D-transpeptidase leads to resistance to these drugs. We developed a new method based on heavy isotope labeling and mass spectrometry to elucidate PBP- and YcbB-mediated peptidoglycan polymerization. PBPs and YcbB similarly participated in single-strand insertion of glycan chains into the expanding bacterial side wall. This absence of any transpeptidase-specific signature suggests that the peptidoglycan expansion mode is determined by other components of polymerization complexes. YcbB did mediate \u03b2-lactam resistance by insertion of multiple strands that were exclusively cross-linked to existing tripeptide-containing acceptors. We propose that this undocumented mode of polymerization depends upon accumulation of linear glycan chains due to PBP inactivation, formation of tripeptides due to cleavage of existing cross-links by a \u03b2-lactam-insensitive endopeptidase, and concerted cross-linking by YcbB.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.72863","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]],"date-time":"2022-06-09T06:15:19Z","timestamp":1654755319000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.72863","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Heavy isotope labeling and mass spectrometry reveal unexpected remodeling of bacterial cell wall expansion in response to drugs"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1497-6373","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Heiner","family":"Atze","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/001z21q04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9.","place":["Paris, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yucheng","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/001z21q04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9.","place":["Paris, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4150-0944","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jean-Emmanuel","family":"Hugonnet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/001z21q04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9.","place":["Paris, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnaud","family":"Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05f82e368","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Robustesse et Evolvabilit\u00e9 de la vie, Institut Cochin, Universit\u00e9 de Paris, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104","place":["Paris, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1822-0397","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Filippo","family":"Rusconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/001z21q04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9.","place":["Paris, France"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/003vg9w96","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"PAPPSO, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS","place":["Paris, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1007-636X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michel","family":"Arthur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/001z21q04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9.","place":["Paris, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-6747-6_23","article-title":"Data Conversion with ProteoWizard msConvert","volume":"1550","author":"Adusumilli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41546","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M407149200","article-title":"Synthesis of mosaic peptidoglycan cross-bridges by hybrid peptidoglycan assembly pathways in gram-positive bacteria","volume":"279","author":"Arbeloa","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"bib3","article-title":"kantundpeterpan\/masseltof","volume-title":"GitHub","author":"Atze","year":"2021","unstructured":"Atze H. 2021. kantundpeterpan\/masseltof. 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