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In this paper, we present starch grain and phytolith analyses of dental calculus from 60 Mesolithic and Early Neolithic individuals from five sites in the Danube Gorges of the central Balkans. This zone was inhabited by likely complex Holocene foragers for several millennia before the appearance of the first farmers ~6200 cal BC. We also analyzed forager ground stone tools (GSTs) for evidence of plant processing. Our results based on the study of dental calculus show that certain species of Poaceae (species of the genus\n                    <jats:italic>Aegilops<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) were used since the Early Mesolithic, while GSTs exhibit traces of a developed grass grain processing technology. The adoption of domesticated plants in this region after ~6500 cal BC might have been eased by the existing familiarity with wild cereals.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.72976","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T08:00:58Z","timestamp":1638345658000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.72976","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Wild cereal grain consumption among Early Holocene foragers of the Balkans predates the arrival of agriculture"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2748-9171","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Emanuela","family":"Cristiani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DANTE - Diet and Ancient Technology Laboratory, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2099-2639","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anita","family":"Radini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DANTE - Diet and Ancient Technology Laboratory, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome","place":["Rome, Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Archaeology, University of York","place":["York, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9503-1234","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrea","family":"Zupancich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DANTE - Diet and Ancient Technology Laboratory, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9257-9667","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Angelo","family":"Gismondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of General Botany, Department of Biology, University of Rome \"Tor Vergata\"","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"D'Agostino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of General Botany, Department of Biology, University of Rome \"Tor Vergata\"","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8870-1589","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Claudio","family":"Ottoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DANTE - Diet and Ancient Technology Laboratory, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome","place":["Rome, Italy"]},{"name":"Centre of Molecular Anthropology for Ancient DNA Studies; Department of Biology, University of Rome \"Tor Vergata\"","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marialetizia","family":"Carra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DANTE - Diet and Ancient Technology Laboratory, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome","place":["Rome, Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sne\u017eana","family":"Vukoji\u010di\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden \u201cJevremovac\u201d","place":["Belgrade, Serbia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mihai","family":"Constantinescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Romanian Academy, Institute for Anthropological Research \u201cFrancisc I. 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