{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T11:28:28Z","timestamp":1790681308184,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]],"date-time":"2021-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]],"date-time":"2021-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638489600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]],"date-time":"2021-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638489600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI034036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI034036"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI128356"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI128356"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI143857"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI143857"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elifesciences.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    has evolved different developmental stages for disseminating during acute infection (i.e., tachyzoites) and establishing chronic infection (i.e., bradyzoites). Calcium ion (Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) signaling tightly regulates the lytic cycle of tachyzoites by controlling microneme secretion and motility to drive egress and cell invasion. However, the roles of Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    signaling pathways in bradyzoites remain largely unexplored. Here, we show that Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    responses are highly restricted in bradyzoites and that they fail to egress in response to agonists. Development of dual-reporter parasites revealed dampened Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    responses and minimal microneme secretion by bradyzoites induced in vitro or harvested from infected mice and tested ex vivo. Ratiometric Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    imaging demonstrated lower Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    basal levels, reduced magnitude, and slower Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    kinetics in bradyzoites compared with tachyzoites stimulated with agonists. Diminished responses in bradyzoites were associated with downregulation of Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    -ATPases involved in intracellular Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    storage in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and acidocalcisomes. Once liberated from cysts by trypsin digestion, bradyzoites incubated in glucose plus Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    rapidly restored their intracellular Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and ATP stores, leading to enhanced gliding. Collectively, our findings indicate that intracellular bradyzoites exhibit dampened Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    signaling and lower energy levels that restrict egress, and yet upon release they rapidly respond to changes in the environment to regain motility.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.73011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]],"date-time":"2021-12-03T07:15:27Z","timestamp":1638515727000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.73011","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Toxoplasma bradyzoites exhibit physiological plasticity of calcium and energy stores controlling motility and egress"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Yong","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine","place":["St Louis, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin M","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine","place":["St Louis, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7328-4487","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nathaniel G","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine","place":["St Louis, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2041-6295","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Silvia NJ","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia","place":["Athens, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7110-0285","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"L David","family":"Sibley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine","place":["St Louis, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1313501111","article-title":"Toxoplasma GRA7 effector increases turnover of immunity-related GTPases and contributes to acute virulence in the mouse","volume":"111","author":"Alaganan","year":"2014","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abe5396","article-title":"Ca 2+ signals critical for egress and gametogenesis in malaria parasites depend on a multipass membrane protein 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