{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:33:20Z","timestamp":1785411200889,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645056000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645056000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014036","name":"Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014036","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elifesciences.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    A key challenge in neuroimaging remains to understand where, when, and now particularly\n                    <jats:italic>how<\/jats:italic>\n                    human brain networks compute over sensory inputs to achieve behavior. To study such dynamic algorithms from mass neural signals, we recorded the magnetoencephalographic (MEG) activity of participants who resolved the classic XOR, OR, and AND functions as overt behavioral tasks (N = 10 participants\/task, N-of-1 replications). Each function requires a different computation over the same inputs to produce the task-specific behavioral outputs. In each task, we found that source-localized MEG activity progresses through four computational stages identified within individual participants: (1) initial contralateral representation of each visual input in occipital cortex, (2) a joint linearly combined representation of both inputs in midline occipital cortex and right fusiform gyrus, followed by (3) nonlinear task-dependent input integration in temporal-parietal cortex, and finally (4) behavioral response representation in postcentral gyrus. We demonstrate the specific dynamics of each computation at the level of individual sources. The spatiotemporal patterns of the first two computations are similar across the three tasks; the last two computations are task specific. Our results therefore reveal where, when, and how dynamic network algorithms perform different computations over the same inputs to produce different behaviors.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.73651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T11:15:10Z","timestamp":1641554110000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.73651","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Different computations over the same inputs produce selective behavior in algorithmic brain networks"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6482-1498","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Jaworska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00vtgdb53","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Glasgow","place":["Glasgow, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4027-2687","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuening","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00vtgdb53","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Glasgow","place":["Glasgow, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola J","family":"van Rijsbergen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/028ndzd53","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Psychology, Edge Hill University","place":["Ormskirk, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8427-0507","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Robin AA","family":"Ince","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00vtgdb53","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Glasgow","place":["Glasgow, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8542-7489","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Philippe G","family":"Schyns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00vtgdb53","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Glasgow","place":["Glasgow, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2014.00014","article-title":"Machine learning for neuroimaging with scikit-learn","volume":"8","author":"Abraham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroinformatics"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000487","article-title":"Alpha oscillations and traveling waves: Signatures of predictive coding?","volume":"17","author":"Alamia","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLOS Biology"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1013699998","article-title":"The control of the false discovery rate in multiple testing under dependency","volume":"29","author":"Benjamini","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Annals of Statistics"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.03.062","article-title":"Task alters category representations in prefrontal but not high-level visual cortex","volume":"155","author":"Bugatus","year":"2017","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2007.06.010","article-title":"Untangling invariant object recognition","volume":"11","author":"DiCarlo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1038\/35094565","article-title":"Dynamic predictions: oscillations and synchrony in top-down processing","volume":"2","author":"Engel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000211","article-title":"Hierarchical models in the brain","volume":"4","author":"Friston","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLOS Computational Biology"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aax6239","article-title":"Dendritic action potentials and computation in human layer 2\/3 cortical neurons","volume":"367","author":"Gidon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3747","article-title":"The functional architecture of the ventral temporal cortex and its role in categorization","volume":"15","author":"Grill-Spector","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2011.01273.x","article-title":"Mass univariate analysis of event-related brain potentials\/fields I: a critical tutorial review","volume":"48","author":"Groppe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.10.001","article-title":"Good practice for conducting and reporting MEG research","volume":"65","author":"Gross","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.07.001","article-title":"Magnetoencephalography in Cognitive Neuroscience: A Primer","volume":"104","author":"Gross","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7742(05)68006-3","article-title":"Beamformer analysis of MEG data","volume":"68","author":"Hillebrand","year":"2005","journal-title":"International Review of Neurobiology"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1962.sp006837","article-title":"Receptive fields, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat\u2019s visual cortex","volume":"160","author":"Hubel","year":"1962","journal-title":"The Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep17681","article-title":"Tracing the Flow of Perceptual Features in an Algorithmic Brain Network","volume":"5","author":"Ince","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23471","article-title":"A statistical framework for neuroimaging data analysis based on mutual information estimated via a gaussian copula","volume":"38","author":"Ince","year":"2017","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.62461","article-title":"Bayesian inference of population prevalence","volume":"10","author":"Ince","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005268","article-title":"Could a Neuroscientist Understand a Microprocessor?","volume":"13","author":"Jonas","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLOS Computational Biology"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2014.12.050","article-title":"Attention reduces spatial uncertainty in human ventral temporal cortex","volume":"25","author":"Kay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2012.10.011","article-title":"The ventral visual pathway: an expanded neural framework for the processing of object quality","volume":"17","author":"Kravitz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.10.043","article-title":"Matching categorical object representations in inferior temporal cortex of man and monkey","volume":"60","author":"Kriegeskorte","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0210-5","article-title":"Cognitive computational neuroscience","volume":"21","author":"Kriegeskorte","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-08080-2","article-title":"Evidence that neural information flow is reversed between object perception and object reconstruction from memory","volume":"10","author":"Linde-Domingo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X18000766","article-title":"Replication is already mainstream: Lessons from small-N designs","volume":"41","author":"Little","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/11301.001.0001","volume-title":"Perceptrons: An Introduction to Computational Geometry","author":"Minsky","year":"2017"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.07.073","article-title":"Encoding and decoding in fMRI","volume":"56","author":"Naselaris","year":"2011","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2020.12.008","article-title":"Extensive sampling for complete models of individual brains","volume":"40","author":"Naselaris","year":"2021","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/156869","article-title":"FieldTrip: Open source software for advanced analysis of MEG, EEG, and invasive electrophysiological data","volume":"2011","author":"Oostenveld","year":"2011","journal-title":"Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.07.012","article-title":"Computational neuroimaging: localising Greek letters? Comment on Forstmann et al","volume":"15","author":"O\u2019Reilly","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6539","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0812589106","article-title":"Quality of evidence for perceptual decision making is indexed by trial-to-trial variability of the EEG","volume":"106","author":"Ratcliff","year":"2009","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1038\/323533a0","article-title":"Learning representations by back-propagating errors","volume":"323","author":"Rumelhart","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1038\/415318a","article-title":"Visual categorization shapes feature selectivity in the primate temporal cortex","volume":"415","author":"Sigala","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-018-1451-8","article-title":"Small is beautiful: In defense of the small-N design","volume":"25","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1734518","article-title":"Information processing in the primate visual system: an integrated systems perspective","volume":"255","author":"Van Essen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.29.051605.113024","article-title":"Complete functional characterization of sensory neurons by system identification","volume":"29","author":"Wu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annual Review of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.09.015","article-title":"Rhythmic fluctuations in evidence accumulation during decision making in the human brain","volume":"76","author":"Wyart","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cag.2011.12.002","article-title":"Perception-driven facial expression synthesis","volume":"36","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Computers & Graphics"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-019-0625-3","article-title":"Modelling face memory reveals task-generalizable representations","volume":"3","author":"Zhan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.11.049","article-title":"Dynamic Construction of Reduced Representations in the Brain for Perceptual Decision Behavior","volume":"29","author":"Zhan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Current Biology"}],"container-title":["eLife"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/cdn.elifesciences.org\/articles\/73651\/elife-73651-v1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/cdn.elifesciences.org\/articles\/73651\/elife-73651-v1.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/elifesciences.org\/articles\/73651","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T21:09:11Z","timestamp":1697058551000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/elifesciences.org\/articles\/73651"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["10.7554\/eLife.73651"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.73651","archive":["CLOCKSS"],"relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.02.04.429372","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.02.04.429372","asserted-by":"object"}],"is-supplemented-by":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5061\/dryad.d7wm37q2x","asserted-by":"subject"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.73651.sa2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.73651.sa1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.73651.sa0","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2050-084X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-084X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"single anonymised","name":"peer_review_transparency","label":"Peer review transparency","group":{"name":"peer_review_taxonomy"}},{"value":"other reviewer(s), editor","name":"peer_review_interaction","label":"Peer review interaction","group":{"name":"peer_review_taxonomy"}},{"value":"review summaries, review reports, author\/editor communication, reviewer identities reviewer opt in, editor identities","name":"peer_review_published","label":"Peer review published","group":{"name":"peer_review_taxonomy"}},{"value":"open (sign in with ORCID iD required)","name":"post_publication_commenting","label":"Post publication commenting","group":{"name":"post_publication_commenting"}}],"article-number":"e73651"}}