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Results of previous genetic studies imply causal effects but may reflect influence of demography and the family environment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study used data on 40,949 8-year-old children and their parents from the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) and Medical Birth Registry of Norway (MBRN). We investigated the impact of BMI on symptoms of depression, anxiety, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) at age 8. We applied within-family Mendelian randomization, which accounts for familial effects by controlling for parental genotype.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Within-family Mendelian randomization estimates using genetic variants associated with BMI in adults suggested that a child\u2019s own BMI increased their depressive symptoms (per 5 kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      increase in BMI, beta = 0.26 S.D., CI = \u22120.01,0.52, p=0.06) and ADHD symptoms (beta = 0.38 S.D., CI = 0.09,0.63, p=0.009). These estimates also suggested maternal BMI, or related factors, may independently affect a child\u2019s depressive symptoms (per 5 kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      increase in maternal BMI, beta = 0.11 S.D., CI:0.02,0.09, p=0.01). However, within-family Mendelian randomization using genetic variants associated with retrospectively-reported childhood body size did not support an impact of BMI on these outcomes. There was little evidence from any estimate that the parents\u2019 BMI affected the child\u2019s ADHD symptoms, or that the child\u2019s or parents\u2019 BMI affected the child\u2019s anxiety symptoms.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found inconsistent evidence that a child\u2019s BMI affected their depressive and ADHD symptoms, and little evidence that a child\u2019s BMI affected their anxiety symptoms. There was limited evidence of an influence of parents\u2019 BMI. Genetic studies in samples of unrelated individuals, or using genetic variants associated with adult BMI, may have overestimated the causal effects of a child\u2019s own BMI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs5\">\n                    <jats:title>Funding:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This research was funded by the Health Foundation. It is part of the HARVEST collaboration, supported by the Research Council of Norway. Individual co-author funding: the European Research Council, the South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority, the Research Council of Norway, Helse Vest, the Novo Nordisk Foundation, the University of Bergen, the South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority, the Trond Mohn Foundation, the Western Norway Regional Health Authority, the Norwegian Diabetes Association, the UK Medical Research Council. The Medical Research Council (MRC) and the University of Bristol support the MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.74320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T08:15:24Z","timestamp":1667895324000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.74320","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Body mass index and childhood symptoms of depression, anxiety, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A within-family Mendelian randomization study"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5896-7650","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amanda M","family":"Hughes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/030qtrs05","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol","place":["Bristol, United 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