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Here, we show that MAF1 plays a critical role in regulating osteoblast differentiation and bone mass. Global deletion of\n                    <jats:italic>MAF1<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>Maf1<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>\n                      <jats:italic>-\/-<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sup>\n                    mice) produced a high bone mass phenotype. However, osteoblasts isolated from\n                    <jats:italic>Maf1<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>\n                      <jats:italic>-\/-<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sup>\n                    mice showed reduced osteoblastogenesis ex vivo. Therefore, we determined the phenotype of mice overexpressing MAF1 in cells from the mesenchymal lineage (\n                    <jats:italic>Prx1<\/jats:italic>\n                    -Cre;LSL-\n                    <jats:italic>MAF1<\/jats:italic>\n                    mice). These mice showed increased bone mass. Ex vivo, cells from these mice showed enhanced osteoblastogenesis concordant with their high bone mass phenotype. Thus, the high bone mass phenotype in\n                    <jats:italic>Maf1<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>\n                      <jats:italic>-\/-<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sup>\n                    mice is likely due to confounding effects from the global absence of MAF1. MAF1 overexpression promoted osteoblast differentiation of ST2 cells while MAF1 downregulation inhibited differentiation, indicating MAF1 enhances osteoblast formation. However, other perturbations used to repress RNA pol III transcription, inhibited osteoblast differentiation. However, decreasing RNA pol III transcription through these perturbations enhanced adipogenesis in ST2 cells. RNA-seq analyzed the basis for these opposing actions on osteoblast differentiation. The different modalities used to perturb RNA pol III transcription resulted in distinct gene expression changes, indicating that this transcription process is highly sensitive and triggers diverse gene expression programs and phenotypic outcomes. Specifically, MAF1 induced genes known to promote osteoblast differentiation. Furthermore, genes that are induced during osteoblast differentiation displayed codon bias. Together, these results reveal a novel role for MAF1 and RNA pol III-mediated transcription in osteoblast fate determination, differentiation, and bone mass regulation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.74740","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]],"date-time":"2022-05-18T06:15:16Z","timestamp":1652854516000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.74740","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["MAF1, a repressor of RNA polymerase III-dependent transcription, regulates bone mass"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3654-2066","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ellen","family":"Phillips","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02pttbw34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine","place":["Houston, United 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