{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T22:48:11Z","timestamp":1787870891176,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652140800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652140800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Senior Research Fellowship 1008396"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Senior Research Fellowship 1008396"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Senior Research Fellowship 1064629"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Senior Research Fellowship 1064629"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Senior Research Fellowship 1045161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Senior Research Fellowship 1045161"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Investigator Grant 1110200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Investigator Grant 1110200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Investigator Grant 1175744"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Investigator Grant 1175744"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NHMRC-A*STAR project grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NHMRC-A*STAR project grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014555","name":"Murdoch Children's Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ECR Fellowship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECR Fellowship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014555","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["452173113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["452173113"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elifesciences.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"abs1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The risk of adult onset cardiovascular and metabolic (cardiometabolic) disease accrues from early life. Infection is ubiquitous in infancy and induces inflammation, a key cardiometabolic risk factor, but the relationship between infection, inflammation, and metabolic profiles in early childhood remains unexplored. We investigated relationships between infection and plasma metabolomic and lipidomic profiles at age 6 and 12 months, and mediation of these associations by inflammation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Matched infection, metabolomics, and lipidomics data were generated from 555 infants in a pre-birth longitudinal cohort. Infection data from birth to 12 months were parent-reported (total infections at age 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months), inflammation markers (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hsCRP]; glycoprotein acetyls [GlycA]) were quantified at 12 months. Metabolic profiles were 12-month plasma nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics (228 metabolites) and liquid chromatography\/mass spectrometry lipidomics (776 lipids). Associations were evaluated with multivariable linear regression models. In secondary analyses, corresponding inflammation and metabolic data from birth (serum) and 6-month (plasma) time points were used.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At 12 months, more frequent infant infections were associated with adverse metabolomic (elevated inflammation markers, triglycerides and phenylalanine, and lower high-density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol and apolipoprotein A1) and lipidomic profiles (elevated phosphatidylethanolamines and lower trihexosylceramides, dehydrocholesteryl esters, and plasmalogens). Similar, more marked, profiles were observed with higher GlycA, but not hsCRP. GlycA mediated a substantial proportion of the relationship between infection and metabolome\/lipidome, with hsCRP generally mediating a lower proportion. Analogous relationships were observed between infection and 6-month inflammation, HDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein A1.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Infants with a greater infection burden in the first year of life had proinflammatory and proatherogenic plasma metabolomic\/lipidomic profiles at 12 months of age that in adults are indicative of heightened risk of cardiovascular disease, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. These findings suggest potentially modifiable pathways linking early life infection and inflammation with subsequent cardiometabolic risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs5\">\n                    <jats:title>Funding:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The establishment work and infrastructure for the BIS was provided by the Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute (MCRI), Deakin University, and Barwon Health. Subsequent funding was secured from National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC), The Shepherd Foundation, The Jack Brockhoff Foundation, the Scobie &amp; Claire McKinnon Trust, the Shane O\u2019Brien Memorial Asthma Foundation, the Our Women\u2019s Our Children\u2019s Fund Raising Committee Barwon Health, the Rotary Club of Geelong, the Minderoo Foundation, the Ilhan Food Allergy Foundation, GMHBA, Vanguard Investments Australia Ltd, and the Percy Baxter Charitable Trust, Perpetual Trustees. In-kind support was provided by the Cotton On Foundation and CreativeForce. The study sponsors were not involved in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; writing of the report; or the decision to submit the report for publication. Research at MCRI is supported by the Victorian Government\u2019s Operational Infrastructure Support Program. This work was also supported by NHMRC Senior Research Fellowships to ALP (1008396); DB (1064629); and RS (1045161) , NHMRC Investigator Grants to ALP (1110200) and DB (1175744), NHMRC-A*STAR project grant (1149047). TM is supported by an MCRI ECR Fellowship. SB is supported by the Dutch Research Council (452173113).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.75170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T05:15:18Z","timestamp":1650863718000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.75170","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Early life infection and proinflammatory, atherogenic metabolomic and lipidomic profiles in infancy: a population-based cohort study"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1282-6331","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Toby","family":"Mansell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/048fyec77","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Murdoch Children's Research Institute","place":["Parkville, Australia"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01ej9dk98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne","place":["Parkville, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Saffery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/048fyec77","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Murdoch Children's Research Institute","place":["Parkville, Australia"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01ej9dk98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne","place":["Parkville, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satvika","family":"Burugupalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03rke0285","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Metabolomics Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute","place":["Melbourne, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6581-3657","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anne-Louise","family":"Ponsonby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/048fyec77","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Murdoch Children's Research Institute","place":["Parkville, Australia"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01ej9dk98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne","place":["Parkville, Australia"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03a2tac74","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health","place":["Parkville, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mimi LK","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/048fyec77","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Murdoch Children's Research Institute","place":["Parkville, Australia"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01ej9dk98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne","place":["Parkville, Australia"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02rktxt32","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Royal Children\u2019s Hospital","place":["Parkville, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"O'Hely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/048fyec77","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Murdoch Children's Research Institute","place":["Parkville, Australia"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02czsnj07","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Deakin University","place":["Geelong, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1149-466X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Siroon","family":"Bekkering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/048fyec77","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Murdoch Children's Research Institute","place":["Parkville, Australia"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05wg1m734","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre","place":["Nijmegen, Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam Alexander T","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03rke0285","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Metabolomics Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute","place":["Melbourne, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Rowland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/048fyec77","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Murdoch Children's Research Institute","place":["Parkville, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarath","family":"Ranganathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/048fyec77","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Murdoch Children's Research Institute","place":["Parkville, Australia"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01ej9dk98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne","place":["Parkville, Australia"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02rktxt32","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Royal Children\u2019s Hospital","place":["Parkville, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter D","family":"Sly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/048fyec77","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Murdoch Children's Research Institute","place":["Parkville, Australia"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00rqy9422","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland","place":["Brisbane, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Vuillermin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/048fyec77","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Murdoch Children's Research Institute","place":["Parkville, Australia"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02czsnj07","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Deakin University","place":["Geelong, Australia"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00my0hg66","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Child Health Research Unit, Barwon Health","place":["Geelong, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5438-480X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fiona","family":"Collier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02czsnj07","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Deakin University","place":["Geelong, Australia"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00my0hg66","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Child Health Research Unit, Barwon Health","place":["Geelong, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2593-4665","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peter","family":"Meikle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03rke0285","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Metabolomics Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute","place":["Melbourne, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8304-4302","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David","family":"Burgner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01ej9dk98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne","place":["Parkville, Australia"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02bfwt286","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Monash University","place":["Clayton, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Barwon Infant Study Investigator Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2016.209","article-title":"Leptin in the interplay of inflammation, metabolism and immune system disorders","volume":"13","author":"Abella","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. Rheumatology"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.114.001221","article-title":"A novel protein glycan biomarker and future cardiovascular disease events","volume":"3","author":"Akinkuolie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of the American Heart Association"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/32.1.142","article-title":"Lipids, lipoproteins, and apoproteins in serum during infection","volume":"32","author":"Alvarez","year":"1986","journal-title":"Clinical Chemistry"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-12-217","article-title":"Alterations of leptin in the course of inflammation and severe sepsis","volume":"12","author":"Behnes","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07202","article-title":"Integration of metabolism and inflammation by lipid-activated nuclear receptors","volume":"454","author":"Bensinger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487317724009","article-title":"Severe infections and subsequent delayed cardiovascular disease","volume":"24","author":"Bergh","year":"2017","journal-title":"European Journal of Preventive Cardiology"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000870","article-title":"High-coverage plasma lipidomics reveals novel sex-specific lipidomic fingerprints of age and BMI: Evidence from two large population cohort studies","volume":"18","author":"Beyene","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLOS Biology"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101645","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Infection Dysregulates the Metabolomic and Lipidomic Profiles of Serum","volume":"23","author":"Bruzzone","year":"2020","journal-title":"IScience"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0125342","article-title":"Childhood hospitalisation with infection and cardiovascular disease in early-mid adulthood: a longitudinal population-based study","volume":"10","author":"Burgner","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000000882","article-title":"Do Childhood Infections Contribute to Adult Cardiometabolic Diseases?","volume":"34","author":"Burgner","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2015.02.024","article-title":"Early childhood hospitalisation with infection and subclinical atherosclerosis in adulthood: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study","volume":"239","author":"Burgner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.72779","article-title":"Ontogeny of circulating lipid metabolism in pregnancy and early childhood - a longitudinal population study","volume":"11","author":"Burugupalli","year":"2022","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665113001031","article-title":"n-3 fatty acids, inflammation and immunity: new mechanisms to explain old actions","volume":"72","author":"Calder","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP1437","article-title":"Increased arterial stiffness in HIV-infected children: risk factors and antiretroviral therapy","volume":"14","author":"Charakida","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antiviral Therapy"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E863","DOI":"10.1532\/hsf.3609","article-title":"Colchicine for Coronary Heart Disease: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"24","author":"Chunfeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Heart Surgery Forum"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3109\/03014460.2011.544139","article-title":"Revised birth centiles for weight, length and head circumference in the UK-WHO growth charts","volume":"38","author":"Cole","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annals of Human Biology"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-019-0307-x","article-title":"Glycoprotein acetyls (GlycA) at 12 months are associated with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and early life inflammatory immune measures","volume":"85","author":"Collier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatric Research"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-017-1321-6","article-title":"GlycA, a novel biomarker of systemic inflammation and cardiovascular disease risk","volume":"15","author":"Connelly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Translational Medicine"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.009683","article-title":"Inpatient and Outpatient Infection as a Trigger of Cardiovascular Disease: The ARIC Study","volume":"7","author":"Cowan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of the American Heart Association"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2020.09.073","article-title":"Triggering of cardiovascular disease by infection type The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study (ARIC","volume":"325","author":"Cowan","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Cardiology"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2013.11.013","article-title":"The burden of influenza in England by age and clinical risk group: a statistical analysis to inform vaccine policy","volume":"68","author":"Cromer","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Journal of Infection"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511802843","volume-title":"Bootstrap Methods and Their Application","author":"Davison","year":"1997"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0213-9","article-title":"Targeting innate immune mediators in type 1 and type 2 diabetes","volume":"19","author":"Donath","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. Immunology"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2019-00002","article-title":"Inflammation in the Pathophysiology and Therapy of Cardiometabolic Disease","volume":"40","author":"Donath","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocrine Reviews"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2016.255828","article-title":"Comparison of the Predictive Value of GlycA and Other Biomarkers of Inflammation for Total Death, Incident Cardiovascular Events, Noncardiovascular and Noncancer Inflammatory-Related Events, and Total Cancer Events","volume":"62","author":"Duprez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clinical Chemistry"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-020900","article-title":"Metabolomics: population epidemiology and concordance in Australian children aged 11-12 years and their parents","volume":"9","author":"Ellul","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"bib28","volume-title":"The Effect of Inflammation and Infection on Lipids and Lipoproteins","author":"Feingold","year":"2019"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-018-0064-2","article-title":"Inflammageing: chronic inflammation in ageing, cardiovascular disease, and frailty","volume":"15","author":"Ferrucci","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. Cardiology"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199902113400607","article-title":"Acute-phase proteins and other systemic responses to inflammation","volume":"340","author":"Gabay","year":"1999","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196911132812001","article-title":"Serum lipids in infection","volume":"281","author":"Gallin","year":"1969","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-019-1898-z","article-title":"Values of integration between lipidomics and clinical phenomes in patients with acute lung infection, pulmonary embolism, or acute exacerbation of chronic pulmonary diseases: a preliminary study","volume":"17","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Translational Medicine"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.14436","article-title":"High incidence of respiratory disease in Australian infants despite low rate of maternal cigarette smoking","volume":"55","author":"Gray","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2007.00688.x","article-title":"History of respiratory infections in the first 12 yr among children from a birth cohort","volume":"19","author":"Gr\u00fcber","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatric Allergy and Immunology"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12481","article-title":"A novel protein glycan biomarker and LCAT activity in metabolic syndrome","volume":"45","author":"Gruppen","year":"2015","journal-title":"European Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139057","article-title":"GlycA, a Pro-Inflammatory Glycoprotein Biomarker, and Incident Cardiovascular Disease: Relationship with C-Reactive Protein and Renal Function","volume":"10","author":"Gruppen","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9457","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.8b02100","article-title":"Improved LC\/MS Methods for the Analysis of Metal-Sensitive Analytes Using Medronic Acid as a Mobile Phase Additive","volume":"90","author":"Hsiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Analytical Chemistry"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19473-7","article-title":"Concordant peripheral lipidome signatures in two large clinical studies of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Huynh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11122","article-title":"Genome-wide study for circulating metabolites identifies 62 loci and reveals novel systemic effects of LPA","volume":"7","author":"Kettunen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S462","DOI":"10.1086\/315611","article-title":"Infection and inflammation-induced proatherogenic changes of lipoproteins","volume":"181 Suppl 3","author":"Khovidhunkit","year":"2000","journal-title":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3919","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1815356116","article-title":"Plasma lipidome reveals critical illness and recovery from human Ebola virus disease","volume":"116","author":"Kyle","year":"2019","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1080\/02813432.2018.1529900","article-title":"Point-of-care CRP matters: normal CRP levels reduce immediate antibiotic prescribing for acutely ill children in primary care: a cluster randomized controlled trial","volume":"36","author":"Lemiengre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2020.07.012","article-title":"Associations of GlycA and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein with measures of lipolysis in adults with obesity","volume":"14","author":"Levine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Lipidology"},{"key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/s0195-668x(02)00750-9","article-title":"Acute infections in children are accompanied by oxidative modification of LDL and decrease of HDL cholesterol, and are followed by thickening of carotid intima-media","volume":"24","author":"Liuba","year":"2003","journal-title":"European Heart Journal"},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx665","article-title":"U-shaped relationship of HDL and risk of infectious disease: two prospective population-based cohort studies","volume":"39","author":"Madsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"European Heart Journal"},{"key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-021-01672-7","article-title":"The newborn metabolome: associations with gestational diabetes, sex, gestation, birth mode, and birth weight","volume":"10","author":"Mansell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatric Research"},{"key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074341","article-title":"Plasma lipid profiling shows similar associations with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes","volume":"8","author":"Meikle","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-020-01695-x","article-title":"GlycA, a novel marker for low grade inflammation, reflects gut microbiome diversity and is more accurate than high sensitive CRP in reflecting metabolomic profile","volume":"16","author":"Mokkala","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metabolomics: Official Journal of the Metabolomic Society"},{"key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2018.04.003","article-title":"GlycA and hsCRP are independent and additive predictors of future cardiovascular events among patients undergoing angiography: The intermountain heart collaborative study","volume":"202","author":"Muhlestein","year":"2018","journal-title":"American Heart Journal"},{"key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvn099","article-title":"Early atherosclerosis in humans: role of diffuse intimal thickening and extracellular matrix proteoglycans","volume":"79","author":"Nakashima","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cardiovascular Research"},{"key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-2345","article-title":"Testing for gestational diabetes mellitus in Australia","volume":"36","author":"Nankervis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009570","article-title":"Infections and atherosclerosis: new clues from an old hypothesis?","volume":"148","author":"Nieto","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.08.004","article-title":"Physiology of leptin: energy homeostasis, neuroendocrine function and metabolism","volume":"64","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"bib54","first-page":"7","article-title":"Altered serum lipid profile after systemic infection in children: risk factor for CHD?","volume":"14 Suppl K","author":"Pesonen","year":"1993","journal-title":"European Heart Journal"},{"key":"bib55","volume-title":"Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA) 2011","author":"Pink","year":"2013"},{"key":"bib56","article-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Development Core Team","year":"2018","unstructured":"R Development Core Team. 2018. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. http:\/\/www.r-project.org."},{"key":"bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1707914","article-title":"Antiinflammatory Therapy with Canakinumab for Atherosclerotic Disease","volume":"377","author":"Ridker","year":"2017","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cels.2015.09.007","article-title":"The Biomarker GlycA Is Associated with Chronic Inflammation and Predicts Long-Term Risk of Severe Infection","volume":"1","author":"Ritchie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Systems"},{"key":"bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.15174","article-title":"Burden of infection in Australian infants","volume":"57","author":"Rowland","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health"},{"key":"bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-42999\/v1","article-title":"Severe SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans is defined by a shift in the serum lipidome resulting in dysregulation of eicosanoid immune mediators","volume":"3","author":"Schwarz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Research Square"},{"key":"bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2019.01.004","article-title":"Inflammation, infection and atherosclerosis","volume":"29","author":"Shah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine"},{"key":"bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCGENETICS.114.000216","article-title":"Quantitative Serum Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Metabolomics in Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics","volume":"8","author":"Soininen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v076.i11","article-title":"Medflex: an R package for flexible mediation analysis using natural effect models","volume":"76","author":"Steen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2014.02.001","article-title":"The classification, diagnosis and management of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: A revised statement from the ISSHP","volume":"4","author":"Tranquilli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pregnancy Hypertension"},{"key":"bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30310-4","article-title":"Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of lower respiratory infections in 195 countries, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"18","author":"Troeger","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000010903","article-title":"Age-related prevalence of common upper respiratory pathogens, based on the application of the FilmArray Respiratory panel in a tertiary hospital in Greece","volume":"97","author":"Tsagarakis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.4310\/SII.2009.v2.n4.a7","article-title":"Conceptual issues concerning mediation, interventions and composition","volume":"2","author":"Vanderweele","year":"2009","journal-title":"Statistics and Its Interface"},{"key":"bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-016-0679-2","article-title":"Should all acutely ill children in primary care be tested with point-of-care CRP: a cluster randomised trial","volume":"14","author":"Verbakel","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Medicine"},{"key":"bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01024-7","article-title":"Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect","volume":"387","author":"Victora","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"key":"bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv026","article-title":"Cohort Profile: The Barwon Infant Study","volume":"44","author":"Vuillermin","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.005025","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus Infection and Relative Risk of Cardiovascular Disease (Ischemic Heart Disease, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Death): A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies Up to 2016","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of the American Heart Association"},{"key":"bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53721-1","article-title":"Plasma lipid profiles discriminate bacterial from viral infection in febrile children","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3182285a81","article-title":"Value of primordial and primary prevention for cardiovascular disease: a policy statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"124","author":"Weintraub","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2898","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.P035808","article-title":"Plasma lipid profiling in a large population-based cohort","volume":"54","author":"Weir","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Lipid Research"},{"key":"bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehs020","article-title":"High-throughput quantification of circulating metabolites improves prediction of subclinical atherosclerosis","volume":"33","author":"W\u00fcrtz","year":"2012","journal-title":"European Heart Journal"},{"key":"bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.013116","article-title":"Metabolite profiling and cardiovascular event risk: a prospective study of 3 population-based cohorts","volume":"131","author":"W\u00fcrtz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx016","article-title":"Quantitative Serum Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Metabolomics in Large-Scale Epidemiology: A Primer on -Omic Technologies","volume":"186","author":"W\u00fcrtz","year":"2017","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v027.i08","article-title":"Regression models for count data in R","volume":"27","author":"Zeileis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"}],"container-title":["eLife"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/cdn.elifesciences.org\/articles\/75170\/elife-75170-v1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/cdn.elifesciences.org\/articles\/75170\/elife-75170-v1.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/elifesciences.org\/articles\/75170","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T21:12:14Z","timestamp":1697058734000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/elifesciences.org\/articles\/75170"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]]},"references-count":78,"alternative-id":["10.7554\/eLife.75170"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.75170","archive":["CLOCKSS"],"relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.12.02.21267173","asserted-by":"subject"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.75170.sa1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.75170.sa0","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.75170.sa2","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2050-084X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-084X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"single anonymised","name":"peer_review_transparency","label":"Peer review transparency","group":{"name":"peer_review_taxonomy"}},{"value":"other reviewer(s), editor","name":"peer_review_interaction","label":"Peer review interaction","group":{"name":"peer_review_taxonomy"}},{"value":"review summaries, review reports, author\/editor communication, reviewer identities reviewer opt in, editor identities","name":"peer_review_published","label":"Peer review published","group":{"name":"peer_review_taxonomy"}},{"value":"open (sign in with ORCID iD required)","name":"post_publication_commenting","label":"Post publication commenting","group":{"name":"post_publication_commenting"}}],"article-number":"e75170"}}