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Here, we describe an early diverging thyreophoran from the Lower Jurassic Fengjiahe Formation of Yunnan Province, China, on the basis of an associated partial skeleton that includes skull, axial, limb, and armor elements. It can be diagnosed as a new taxon based on numerous cranial and postcranial autapomorphies and is further distinguished from all other thyreophorans by a unique combination of character states. Although the robust postcranium is similar to that of more deeply nested ankylosaurs and stegosaurs, phylogenetic analysis recovers it as either the sister taxon of\n                    <jats:italic>Emausaurus<\/jats:italic>\n                    or of the clade\n                    <jats:italic>Scelidosaurus<\/jats:italic>\n                    + Eurypoda. This new taxon,\n                    <jats:italic>Yuxisaurus kopchicki<\/jats:italic>\n                    , represents the first valid thyreophoran dinosaur to be described from the Early Jurassic of Asia and confirms the rapid geographic spread and diversification of the clade after its first appearance in the Hettangian. Its heavy build and distinctive armor also hint at previously unrealized morphological diversity early in the clade\u2019s history.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.75248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]],"date-time":"2022-02-03T09:15:13Z","timestamp":1643879713000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.75248","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["A new early branching armored dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic of southwestern China"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Xi","family":"Yao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0040axw97","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Centre for Vertebrate Evolutionary Biology, Yunnan University","place":["Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0412-3000","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Paul M","family":"Barrett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/039zvsn29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum","place":["London, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01z22gc86","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Yimen Administration of Cultural Heritage","place":["Yimen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4786-9948","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xing","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0040axw97","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Centre for Vertebrate Evolutionary Biology, Yunnan University","place":["Kunming, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0000pmw59","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Key Laboratory of Evolutionary Systematics of Vertebrates, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0620-187X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shundong","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0040axw97","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Centre for Vertebrate Evolutionary Biology, Yunnan University","place":["Kunming, China"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00b30xv10","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania","place":["Pennsylvania, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1080\/14772019.2015.1059985","article-title":"Systematics, phylogeny and palaeobiogeography of the ankylosaurid dinosaurs","volume":"14","author":"Arbour","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Systematic Palaeontology"},{"key":"bib2","first-page":"14","article-title":"Yimenosaurus, a new genus of Prosauropoda from Yimen County, Yunnan Province","volume":"1","author":"Bai","year":"1990","journal-title":"Yuxiwenbo"},{"key":"bib3","first-page":"109","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Meeting of the Chinese Society of Vertebrate Paleontology","author":"Bai","year":"1999"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21700","article-title":"A new hypothesis of dinosaur relationships and early dinosaur evolution","volume":"543","author":"Baron","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/zoj.12434","article-title":"Postcranial anatomy of Lesothosaurus diagnosticus (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Lower Jurassic of southern Africa: implications for basal ornithischian taxonomy and systematics","volume":"179","author":"Baron","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511549717.004","volume-title":"Evolution of Herbivory in Terrestrial Vertebrates: Perspectives from the Fossil Record","author":"Barrett","year":"2000"},{"key":"bib7","first-page":"25","volume-title":"The Armored Dinosaurs","author":"Barrett","year":"2001"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2014.1147","article-title":"A palaeoequatorial ornithischian and new constraints on early dinosaur diversification","volume":"281","author":"Barrett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 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