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Traditionally, this remapping has been characterised by changes in the lip representation, which is assumed to be the immediate neighbour of the hand based on electrophysiological research in non-human primates. However, the orientation of facial somatotopy in humans is debated, with contrasting work reporting both an inverted and upright topography. We aimed to fill this gap in the S1 homunculus by investigating the topographic organisation of the face. Using both univariate and multivariate approaches we examined the extent of face-to-hand remapping in individuals with a congenital and acquired missing hand (hereafter one-handers and amputees, respectively), relative to two-handed controls. Participants were asked to move different facial parts (forehead, nose, lips, tongue) during functional MRI (fMRI) scanning. We first confirmed an upright face organisation in all three groups, with the upper-face and not the lips bordering the hand area. We further found little evidence for remapping of both forehead and lips in amputees, with no significant relationship to the chronicity of their phantom limb pain (PLP). In contrast, we found converging evidence for a complex pattern of face remapping in congenital one-handers across multiple facial parts, where relative to controls, the location of the cortical neighbour \u2013 the forehead \u2013 is shown to shift away from the deprived hand area, which is subsequently more activated by the lips and the tongue. Together, our findings demonstrate that the face representation in humans is highly plastic, but that this plasticity is restricted by the developmental stage of input deprivation, rather than cortical proximity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.76158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T07:15:10Z","timestamp":1672384510000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.76158","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Complex pattern of facial remapping in somatosensory cortex following congenital but not acquired hand loss"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0500-3206","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Victoria","family":"Root","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0172mzb45","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"WIN Centre, University of Oxford","place":["Oxford, United 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