{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:58:20Z","timestamp":1792112300065,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]],"date-time":"2022-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652745600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]],"date-time":"2022-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652745600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]],"date-time":"2022-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652745600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013113","name":"Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013113","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 MH115045-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 MH115045-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NS108874"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS108874"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH118298"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH118298"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R03 MH108908"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R03 MH108908"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL146339"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL146339"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HL146339"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL146339"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006545","name":"National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21 MD012738"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 MD012738"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006545","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH092638"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH092638"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG3 MH125273"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3 MH125273"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23MH118565"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23MH118565"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Brain & Behavior Research Foundation Young Investigator and the Zhengxu and Ying He Foundation awards"},{"name":"Wuxi Mental Health Center"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006545","name":"National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21 HL145492"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 HL145492"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006545","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Top Talent Support Program for Young and Middle-aged People of Wuxi Health Committee","award":["HB2020077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HB2020077"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elifesciences.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Motivated by the potential of objective neurophysiological markers to index thalamocortical function in patients with severe psychiatric illnesses, we comprehensively characterized key non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep parameters across multiple domains, their interdependencies, and their relationship to waking event-related potentials and symptom severity. In 72 schizophrenia (SCZ) patients and 58 controls, we confirmed a marked reduction in sleep spindle density in SCZ and extended these findings to show that fast and slow spindle properties were largely uncorrelated. We also describe a novel measure of slow oscillation and spindle interaction that was attenuated in SCZ. The main sleep findings were replicated in a demographically distinct sample, and a joint model, based on multiple NREM components, statistically predicted disease status in the replication cohort. Although also altered in patients, auditory event-related potentials elicited during wake were unrelated to NREM metrics. Consistent with a growing literature implicating thalamocortical dysfunction in SCZ, our characterization identifies independent NREM and wake EEG biomarkers that may index distinct aspects of SCZ pathophysiology and point to multiple neural mechanisms underlying disease heterogeneity. This study lays the groundwork for evaluating these neurophysiological markers, individually or in combination, to guide efforts at treatment and prevention as well as identifying individuals most likely to benefit from specific interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.76211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]],"date-time":"2022-04-21T10:15:19Z","timestamp":1650536119000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.76211","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Non-rapid eye movement sleep and wake neurophysiology in schizophrenia"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6450-4959","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nataliia","family":"Kozhemiako","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04b6nzv94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School","place":["Boston, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059gcgy73","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center of Nanjing Medical University","place":["Wuxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenguang","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059gcgy73","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center of Nanjing Medical University","place":["Wuxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei A","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05a0ya142","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard","place":["Cambridge, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanchen","family":"Gai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059gcgy73","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center of Nanjing Medical University","place":["Wuxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059gcgy73","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center of Nanjing Medical University","place":["Wuxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059gcgy73","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center of Nanjing Medical University","place":["Wuxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoman","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059gcgy73","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center of Nanjing Medical University","place":["Wuxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05a0ya142","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard","place":["Cambridge, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01kta7d96","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School","place":["Belmont, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenglin","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05a0ya142","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard","place":["Cambridge, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Law","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04b6nzv94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School","place":["Boston, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Coleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05a0ya142","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard","place":["Cambridge, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Mylonas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/002pd6e78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School","place":["Boston, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0220qvk04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoqiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059gcgy73","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center of Nanjing Medical University","place":["Wuxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuping","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03wgqqb38","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Huilong Guan Hospital, Beijing University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8458-5960","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shengying","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0220qvk04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hailiang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05a0ya142","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard","place":["Cambridge, United States"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/002pd6e78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School","place":["Boston, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01kta7d96","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School","place":["Belmont, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Stickgold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04drvxt59","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center","place":["Boston, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School","place":["Boston, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dara","family":"Manoach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/002pd6e78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School","place":["Boston, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1334-8335","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhenhe","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059gcgy73","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center of Nanjing Medical University","place":["Wuxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059gcgy73","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center of Nanjing Medical University","place":["Wuxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei-Hua","family":"Hal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01kta7d96","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School","place":["Belmont, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7402-5812","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shaun M","family":"Purcell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04b6nzv94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School","place":["Boston, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School","place":["Boston, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0767-086X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jen Q","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05a0ya142","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard","place":["Cambridge, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.03.002","article-title":"Heritability of sleep electroencephalogram","volume":"64","author":"Ambrosius","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17821","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2604-11.2011","article-title":"Sleep spindles in humans: insights from intracranial EEG and unit recordings","volume":"31","author":"Andrillon","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.0566","article-title":"Association of Thalamic Dysconnectivity and Conversion to Psychosis in Youth and Young Adults at Elevated Clinical Risk","volume":"72","author":"Anticevic","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2020.111078","article-title":"Meta-analysis of auditory P50 sensory gating in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder","volume":"300","author":"Atagun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleepx.2020.100025","article-title":"Systematic review: the relationship between sleep spindle activity with cognitive functions, positive and negative symptoms in psychosis","volume":"2","author":"Au","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Medicine"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2019.04.012","article-title":"Increased Thalamocortical Connectivity in Schizophrenia Correlates With Sleep Spindle Deficits: Evidence for a Common Pathophysiology","volume":"4","author":"Baran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry. Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.04.046","article-title":"Ongoing network state controls the length of sleep spindles via inhibitory activity","volume":"82","author":"Barth\u00f3","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-019-0086-8","article-title":"Distributed slow-wave dynamics during sleep predict memory consolidation and its impairment in schizophrenia","volume":"5","author":"Bartsch","year":"2019","journal-title":"NPJ Schizophrenia"},{"key":"bib9","volume-title":"The AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events: Rules, Terminology and Technical Specifications, Version 2.2","author":"Berry","year":"2015"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.01.004","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the P300 and P50 waveforms in schizophrenia","volume":"70","author":"Bramon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Research"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06350-7","article-title":"Cerebello-thalamo-cortical hyperconnectivity as a state-independent functional neural signature for psychosis prediction and characterization","volume":"9","author":"Cao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2738","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13815","article-title":"Sleep spindles and slow waves in schizophrenia and related disorders: main findings, challenges and future perspectives","volume":"48","author":"Castelnovo","year":"2018","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sby058","article-title":"Global Epidemiology and Burden of Schizophrenia: Findings From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"44","author":"Charlson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Bulletin"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00433","article-title":"Individual Differences in Frequency and Topography of Slow and Fast Sleep Spindles","volume":"11","author":"Cox","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21434","article-title":"The electroencephalographic fingerprint of sleep is genetically determined: a twin study","volume":"64","author":"De Gennaro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsw013","article-title":"Coordination of Slow Waves With Sleep Spindles Predicts Sleep-Dependent Memory Consolidation in Schizophrenia","volume":"40","author":"Demanuele","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-00964-y","article-title":"Macro and micro sleep architecture and cognitive performance in older adults","volume":"5","author":"Djonlagic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbx034","article-title":"Dysfunction of Large-Scale Brain Networks in Schizophrenia: A Meta-analysis of Resting-State Functional Connectivity","volume":"44","author":"Dong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Bulletin"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429246593","volume-title":"An Introduction to the Bootstrap","author":"Efron","year":"1994"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.08.025","article-title":"A Meta-Analysis of Mismatch Negativity in Schizophrenia: From Clinical Risk to Disease Specificity and Progression","volume":"79","author":"Erickson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e112","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005759","article-title":"Spindle activity in young children with autism, developmental delay, or typical development","volume":"91","author":"Farmer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00042.2018","article-title":"Sleep Spindles: Mechanisms and Functions","volume":"100","author":"Fernandez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiological Reviews"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2007.164.3.483","article-title":"Reduced sleep spindle activity in schizophrenia patients","volume":"164","author":"Ferrarelli","year":"2007","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.09121731","article-title":"Thalamic dysfunction in schizophrenia suggested by whole-night deficits in slow and fast spindles","volume":"167","author":"Ferrarelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbq142","article-title":"The Thalamic Reticular Nucleus and Schizophrenia","volume":"37","author":"Ferrarelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Bulletin"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.02.003","article-title":"P50 inhibitory sensory gating in schizophrenia: analysis of recent studies","volume":"218","author":"Freedman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Research"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/34.2.181","article-title":"The sleep EEG as a marker of intellectual ability in school age children","volume":"34","author":"Geiger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.2006.18.4.529","article-title":"Delta power in sleep in relation to neuropsychological performance in healthy subjects and schizophrenia patients","volume":"18","author":"G\u00f6der","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2014.12.022","article-title":"Impairment of sleep-related memory consolidation in schizophrenia: relevance of sleep spindles?","volume":"16","author":"G\u00f6der","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep Medicine"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(83)90135-9","article-title":"A new method for off-line removal of ocular artifact","volume":"55","author":"Gratton","year":"1983","journal-title":"Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.06.025","article-title":"State-dependent architecture of thalamic reticular subnetworks","volume":"158","author":"Halassa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-006-9091-6","article-title":"Heritability and reliability of P300, P50 and duration mismatch negativity","volume":"36","author":"Hall","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behavior Genetics"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbq027","article-title":"Sensory gating event-related potentials and oscillations in schizophrenia patients and their unaffected relatives","volume":"37","author":"Hall","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Bulletin"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.32298","article-title":"Genomewide association analyses of electrophysiological endophenotypes for schizophrenia and psychotic bipolar disorders: A preliminary report","volume":"168B","author":"Hall","year":"2015","journal-title":"American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics"},{"key":"bib35","first-page":"65","article-title":"The Chinese norm and factor analysis of PANSS","volume":"8","author":"He","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chin. J. Clin. Psychol"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2021.01.009","article-title":"Longitudinal relationships between mismatch negativity, cognitive performance, and real-world functioning in early psychosis","volume":"228","author":"Higgins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Research"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(70)90143-4","article-title":"EEG analysis based on time domain properties","volume":"29","author":"Hjorth","year":"1970","journal-title":"Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/s0165-1781(00)00181-5","article-title":"Slow-wave activity during non-REM sleep in men with schizophrenia and major depressive disorders","volume":"95","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbs130","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of recovery in schizophrenia","volume":"39","author":"J\u00e4\u00e4skel\u00e4inen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Bulletin"},{"key":"bib40","article-title":"Analysis of the changes of short forms of WAIS-RC within 20 years","volume":"14","author":"Jiang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Chin. Clin. Psychol"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.10.024","article-title":"Reduced frontal slow wave density during sleep in first-episode psychosis","volume":"206","author":"Kaskie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Research"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/13.2.261","article-title":"The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for Schizophrenia","volume":"13","author":"Kay","year":"1987","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Bulletin"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.5.443","article-title":"Delta sleep deficits in schizophrenia: evidence from automated analyses of sleep data","volume":"55","author":"Keshavan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.08.040","article-title":"Competing Roles of Slow Oscillations and Delta Waves in Memory Consolidation versus Forgetting","volume":"179","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22805","article-title":"Auditory thalamic reticular nucleus of the rat: anatomical nodes for modulation of auditory and cross-modal sensory processing in the loop connectivity between the cortex and thalamus","volume":"520","author":"Kimura","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Journal of Comparative Neurology"},{"key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.10.029","article-title":"The Thalamocortical Circuit of Auditory Mismatch Negativity","volume":"87","author":"Lakatos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-12-214","article-title":"Antipsychotic dose escalation as a trigger for neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS): literature review and case series report","volume":"12","author":"Langan","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.06.025","article-title":"Thalamic Spindles Promote Memory Formation during Sleep through Triple Phase-Locking of Cortical, Thalamic, and Hippocampal Rhythms","volume":"95","author":"Latchoumane","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2504-5","article-title":"Distinct subnetworks of the thalamic reticular nucleus","volume":"583","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib50","first-page":"783","article-title":"Adjusted Norm of WAIS-RC Short Forms in Identification of Intellectual Disability","volume":"17","author":"Lian-e","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. J. Reabil. Theory Pract"},{"key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.10.021","article-title":"Psychotic disorders, dopaminergic agents and EEG\/MEG resting-state functional connectivity: A systematic review","volume":"120","author":"Mackintosh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2009.06.011","article-title":"Reduced overnight consolidation of procedural learning in chronic medicated schizophrenia is related to specific sleep stages","volume":"44","author":"Manoach","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research"},{"key":"bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00762","article-title":"Sleep spindle deficits in antipsychotic-na\u00c3\u00afve early course schizophrenia and in non-psychotic first-degree relatives","volume":"8","author":"Manoach","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40810-016-0020-5","article-title":"Electrophysiological insights into connectivity anomalies in schizophrenia: a systematic review","volume":"2","author":"Maran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatric Electrophysiology"},{"key":"bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.08.022","article-title":"Sleep spindle activity in childhood onset schizophrenia: Diminished and associated with clinical symptoms","volume":"223","author":"Markovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Research"},{"key":"bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13039","article-title":"Sleep neurophysiology in childhood onset schizophrenia","volume":"30","author":"Markovic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Sleep Research"},{"key":"bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.5665\/SLEEP.1290","article-title":"Fast and slow spindles during the sleep slow oscillation: disparate coalescence and engagement in memory processing","volume":"34","author":"M\u00f6lle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-020-00833-2","article-title":"The effects of eszopiclone on sleep spindles and memory consolidation in schizophrenia: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"45","author":"Mylonas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology: Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12968","article-title":"Naps reliably estimate nocturnal sleep spindle density in health and schizophrenia","volume":"29","author":"Mylonas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Sleep Research"},{"key":"bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.100.234101","article-title":"Robustly estimating the flow direction of information in complex physical systems","volume":"100","author":"Nolte","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physical Review Letters"},{"key":"bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(89)90180-6","article-title":"Spherical splines for scalp potential and current density mapping","volume":"72","author":"Perrin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60660-7","article-title":"Prevalence, treatment, and associated disability of mental disorders in four provinces in China during 2001-05: an epidemiological survey","volume":"373","author":"Phillips","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"key":"bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881114565805","article-title":"The thalamic reticular nucleus: A functional hub for thalamocortical network dysfunction in schizophrenia and A target for drug discovery","volume":"29","author":"Pratt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)"},{"key":"bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15930","article-title":"Characterizing sleep spindles in 11,630 individuals from the National Sleep Research Resource","volume":"8","author":"Purcell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13595","article-title":"Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia-associated genetic loci","volume":"511","author":"Ripke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12924","article-title":"Sleep spindles in bipolar disorder - a comparison to healthy control subjects","volume":"138","author":"Ritter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica"},{"key":"bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2011.06.020","article-title":"Review of advanced techniques for the estimation of brain connectivity measured with EEG\/MEG","volume":"41","author":"Sakkalis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Computers in Biology and Medicine"},{"key":"bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-016-0725-2","article-title":"Fast sleep spindle reduction in schizophrenia and healthy first-degree relatives: association with impaired cognitive function and potential intermediate phenotype","volume":"267","author":"Schilling","year":"2017","journal-title":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2011.01.025","article-title":"Quantifying chirp in sleep spindles","volume":"197","author":"Sch\u00f6nwald","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience Methods"},{"key":"bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2010.11.003","article-title":"Cortical regional differences of delta waves during all-night sleep in schizophrenia","volume":"126","author":"Sekimoto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Research"},{"key":"bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.10.017","article-title":"Sensory-evoked gamma oscillations in chronic schizophrenia","volume":"63","author":"Spencer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1080\/09638237.2016.1276537","article-title":"Psychological distress, perceived burden and quality of life in caregivers of persons with schizophrenia","volume":"26","author":"Stanley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Mental Health (Abingdon, England)"},{"key":"bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4119","article-title":"Hierarchical nesting of slow oscillations, spindles and ripples in the human hippocampus during sleep","volume":"18","author":"Staresina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.07.013","article-title":"The Feature of Sleep Spindle Deficits in Patients With Schizophrenia With and Without Auditory Verbal Hallucinations","volume":"1","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry. Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging"},{"key":"bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.2619","article-title":"The 40-Hz Auditory Steady-State Response in Patients With Schizophrenia","volume":"73","author":"Thun\u00e9","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-014-9248-7","article-title":"Brain networks in schizophrenia","volume":"24","author":"van den Heuvel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychology Review"},{"key":"bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.107747","article-title":"A Thalamic Reticular Circuit for Head Direction Cell Tuning and Spatial Navigation","volume":"31","author":"Vantomme","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Reports"},{"key":"bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.08.031","article-title":"Sleep-dependent learning and memory consolidation","volume":"44","author":"Walker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.01.031","article-title":"Searching for a consensus five-factor model of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale for schizophrenia","volume":"137","author":"Wallwork","year":"2012","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Research"},{"key":"bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.08.008","article-title":"Reduced sleep spindles and spindle coherence in schizophrenia: mechanisms of impaired memory consolidation?","volume":"71","author":"Wamsley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"bib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.2968","article-title":"The effects of eszopiclone on sleep spindles and memory consolidation in schizophrenia: A randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"36","author":"Wamsley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"bib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15398","article-title":"Thalamic control of sensory selection in divided attention","volume":"526","author":"Wimmer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.12010056","article-title":"Thalamocortical dysconnectivity in schizophrenia","volume":"169","author":"Woodward","year":"2012","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"bib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.06.026","article-title":"Mapping Thalamocortical Functional Connectivity in Chronic and Early Stages of Psychotic Disorders","volume":"79","author":"Woodward","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"bib85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbab086","article-title":"Imbalance Between Prefronto-Thalamic and Sensorimotor-Thalamic Circuitries Associated with Working Memory Deficit in Schizophrenia","volume":"48","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Bulletin"},{"key":"bib86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2005.07.016","article-title":"Decreased coherence in higher frequency ranges (beta and gamma) between central and frontal EEG in patients with schizophrenia: A preliminary report","volume":"141","author":"Yeragani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"key":"bib87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2019.11.002","article-title":"Sleep spindle and slow wave abnormalities in schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders: Recent findings and future directions","volume":"221","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Research"},{"key":"bib88","first-page":"45","article-title":"Comparison of three diagnostic criteria for the diagnosis of schizophrenia and mood disorders","volume":"30","author":"Zhou","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chin. J. PSYCHIATRY"},{"key":"bib89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.05.027","article-title":"Auditory steady state response deficits are associated with symptom severity and poor functioning in patients with psychotic disorder","volume":"201","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Research"}],"container-title":["eLife"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/cdn.elifesciences.org\/articles\/76211\/elife-76211-v1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/cdn.elifesciences.org\/articles\/76211\/elife-76211-v1.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/elifesciences.org\/articles\/76211","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T21:14:39Z","timestamp":1697058879000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/elifesciences.org\/articles\/76211"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]]},"references-count":89,"alternative-id":["10.7554\/eLife.76211"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.76211","archive":["CLOCKSS"],"relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.12.13.472475","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.12.13.472475","asserted-by":"object"}],"is-supplemented-by":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5061\/dryad.j0zpc86h4","asserted-by":"subject"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.76211.sa2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.76211.sa0","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.76211.sa1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2050-084X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-084X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"single anonymised","name":"peer_review_transparency","label":"Peer review transparency","group":{"name":"peer_review_taxonomy"}},{"value":"other reviewer(s), editor","name":"peer_review_interaction","label":"Peer review interaction","group":{"name":"peer_review_taxonomy"}},{"value":"review summaries, review reports, author\/editor communication, reviewer identities reviewer opt in, editor identities","name":"peer_review_published","label":"Peer review published","group":{"name":"peer_review_taxonomy"}},{"value":"open (sign in with ORCID iD required)","name":"post_publication_commenting","label":"Post publication commenting","group":{"name":"post_publication_commenting"}}],"article-number":"e76211"}}