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To understand the mechanisms that lead to the formation of ensembles, we co-activated layer 2\/3 pyramidal neurons in brain slices from mouse visual cortex, in animals of both sexes, replicating in vitro an optogenetic protocol to generate ensembles in vivo. Using whole-cell and perforated patch-clamp pair recordings we found that, after optogenetic or electrical stimulation, coactivated neurons increased their correlated activity, a hallmark of ensemble formation. Coactivated neurons showed small biphasic changes in presynaptic plasticity, with an initial depression followed by a potentiation after a recovery period. Optogenetic and electrical stimulation also induced significant increases in frequency and amplitude of spontaneous EPSPs, even after single-cell stimulation. In addition, we observed unexpected strong and persistent increases in neuronal excitability after stimulation, with increases in membrane resistance and reductions in spike threshold. A pharmacological agent that blocks changes in membrane resistance reverted this effect. These significant increases in excitability can explain the observed biphasic synaptic plasticity. We conclude that cell-intrinsic changes in excitability are involved in the formation of neuronal ensembles. We propose an \u2018iceberg\u2019 model, by which increased neuronal excitability makes subthreshold connections suprathreshold, enhancing the effect of already existing synapses, and generating a new neuronal ensemble.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.77470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,4]],"date-time":"2022-05-04T08:00:27Z","timestamp":1651651227000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.77470","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Intrinsic excitability mechanisms of neuronal ensemble formation"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2243-8703","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tzitzitlini","family":"Alejandre-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00hj8s172","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University","place":["New York, United 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