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Recent work has suggested a large degree of drift in neural representations even in sensory cortices, which are believed to store stable representations of the external world. While the drift of these representations is mostly characterized in relation to external stimuli, the behavioural state of the animal (for instance, the level of arousal) is also known to strongly modulate the neural activity. We therefore asked how the variability of such modulatory mechanisms can contribute to representational changes. We analysed large-scale recording of neural activity from the Allen Brain Observatory, which was used before to document representational drift in the mouse visual cortex. We found that, within these datasets, behavioural variability significantly contributes to representational changes. This effect was broadcasted across various cortical areas in the mouse, including the primary visual cortex, higher order visual areas, and even regions not primarily linked to vision like hippocampus. Our computational modelling suggests that these results are consistent with independent modulation of neural activity by behaviour over slower timescales. Importantly, our analysis suggests that reliable but variable modulation of neural representations by behaviour can be misinterpreted as representational drift if neuronal representations are only characterized in the stimulus space and marginalized over behavioural parameters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.77907","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]],"date-time":"2022-08-30T06:00:24Z","timestamp":1661839224000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.77907","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Contribution of behavioural variability to representational drift"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8159-5461","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sadra","family":"Sadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/041kmwe10","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London","place":["London, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4507-8648","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Claudia","family":"Clopath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/041kmwe10","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London","place":["London, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1126\/science.273.5283.1868","article-title":"Dynamics of ongoing activity: explanation of the large variability in evoked cortical responses","volume":"273","author":"Arieli","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.110340","article-title":"Learning-induced biases in the ongoing dynamics of sensory representations predict stimulus generalization","volume":"38","author":"Aschauer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Reports"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.07.01.450721","article-title":"Behavioral Origin of Sound-Evoked Activity in Mouse Visual Cortex","volume-title":"bioRxiv","author":"Bimbard","year":"2021"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.10.020","article-title":"Cortical feedback control of olfactory bulb circuits","volume":"76","author":"Boyd","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2008.00654.x","article-title":"The pupil as a measure of emotional arousal and autonomic activation","volume":"45","author":"Bradley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780190905385.001.0001","volume-title":"The Brain from Inside Out","author":"Buzs\u00e1ki","year":"2019"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0161","article-title":"Variance and invariance of neuronal long-term representations","volume":"372","author":"Clopath","year":"2017","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 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