{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T19:53:14Z","timestamp":1792612394773,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]],"date-time":"2023-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]],"date-time":"2023-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698969600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]],"date-time":"2023-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698969600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013060","name":"European Molecular Biology Laboratory","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elifesciences.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The structure and function of the vertebrate retina have been extensively studied across species with an isolated, ex vivo preparation. Retinal function in vivo, however, remains elusive, especially in awake animals. Here, we performed single-unit extracellular recordings in the optic tract of head-fixed mice to compare the output of awake, anesthetized, and ex vivo retinas. While the visual response properties were overall similar across conditions, we found that awake retinal output had in general (1) faster kinetics with less variability in the response latencies; (2) a larger dynamic range; and (3) higher firing activity, by ~20 Hz on average, for both baseline and visually evoked responses. Our modeling analyses further showed that such awake response patterns convey comparable total information but less efficiently, and allow for a linear population decoder to perform significantly better than the anesthetized or ex vivo responses. These results highlight distinct retinal behavior in awake states, in particular suggesting that the retina employs dense coding in vivo, rather than sparse efficient coding as has been often assumed from ex vivo studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.78005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T06:15:08Z","timestamp":1695968108000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.78005","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Awake responses suggest inefficient dense coding in the mouse retina"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3328-9467","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tom","family":"Boissonnet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01yr73893","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, EMBL Rome, European Molecular Biology Laboratory","place":["Monterotondo, Italy"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01zjc6908","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Collaboration for joint PhD degree between EMBL and Universit\u00e9 Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences","place":["La Tronche, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Tripodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01yr73893","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, EMBL Rome, European Molecular Biology Laboratory","place":["Monterotondo, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3396-1935","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hiroki","family":"Asari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01yr73893","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, EMBL Rome, European Molecular Biology Laboratory","place":["Monterotondo, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2004.12.015","article-title":"The optomotor response: a robust first-line visual screening method for mice","volume":"45","author":"Abdeljalil","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"key":"bib2","article-title":"Mask R-CNN for object detection and instance segmentation on keras and tensorflow","volume-title":"GitHub Repository","author":"Abdulla","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abdulla W. 2017. Mask R-CNN for object detection and instance segmentation on keras and tensorflow. GitHub Repository. https:\/\/github.com\/matterport\/Mask_RCNN."},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2014.10.028","article-title":"Coincidence detection of single-photon responses in the inner retina at the sensitivity limit of vision","volume":"24","author":"Ala-Laurila","year":"2014","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1981.tb04473.x","article-title":"In vitro retina as an experimental model of the central nervous system","volume":"37","author":"Ames","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Neurochemistry"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7477","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1563-06.2006","article-title":"Sparse representations for the cocktail party problem","volume":"26","author":"Asari","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.11.029","article-title":"The projective field of retinal bipolar cells and its modulation by visual context","volume":"81","author":"Asari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1990.2.3.308","article-title":"Towards a theory of early visual processing","volume":"2","author":"Atick","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neural Computation"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1037\/h0054663","article-title":"Some informational aspects of visual perception","volume":"61","author":"Attneave","year":"1954","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/s0896-6273(02)01050-4","article-title":"Fast and slow contrast adaptation in retinal circuitry","volume":"36","author":"Baccus","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16468","article-title":"The functional diversity of retinal ganglion cells in the mouse","volume":"529","author":"Baden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib11","first-page":"217","volume-title":"Sensory Communication","author":"Barlow","year":"1961"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1964.sp007463","article-title":"Retinal ganglion cells responding selectively to direction and speed of image motion in the rabbit","volume":"173","author":"Barlow","year":"1964","journal-title":"The Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2015.00153","article-title":"Axonal activity in vivo: technical considerations and implications for the exploration of neural circuits in freely moving animals","volume":"9","author":"Barry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00590.2007","article-title":"Activity of vestibular nuclei neurons during vestibular and optokinetic stimulation in the alert mouse","volume":"98","author":"Beraneck","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1962.sp006944","article-title":"The interpretation of the extracellular response of single lateral geniculate cells","volume":"162","author":"Bishop","year":"1962","journal-title":"The Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1982.sp014258","article-title":"Response latency of brisk-sustained (X) and brisk-transient (Y) cells in the cat retina","volume":"328","author":"Bolz","year":"1982","journal-title":"The Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00682.2017","article-title":"Impact of light-adaptive mechanisms on mammalian retinal visual encoding at high light levels","volume":"119","author":"Borghuis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.473907","article-title":"The influence of visual ability on learning and memory performance in 13 strains of mice","volume":"14","author":"Brown","year":"2007","journal-title":"Learning & Memory"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.10.006","article-title":"Light adaptation increases response latency of alpha ganglion cells via a threshold-like nonlinearity","volume":"256","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-019-0602-4","article-title":"Differential cell-type dependent brain state modulations of sensory representations in the non-lemniscal mouse inferior colliculus","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Communications Biology"},{"key":"bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1080\/713663221","article-title":"A simple white noise analysis of neuronal light responses","volume":"12","author":"Chichilnisky","year":"2001","journal-title":"Network"},{"key":"bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2737","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-07-02737.2002","article-title":"Functional asymmetries in ON and OFF ganglion cells of primate retina","volume":"22","author":"Chichilnisky","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6307","DOI":"10.1113\/JP276964","article-title":"Visual response properties of neurons in the superficial layers of the superior colliculus of awake mouse","volume":"596","author":"De Franceschi","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16256","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4036-12.2012","article-title":"Efficient coding of spatial information in the primate retina","volume":"32","author":"Doi","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.08.003","article-title":"Imaging large-scale neural activity with cellular resolution in awake, mobile mice","volume":"56","author":"Dombeck","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12144","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1741-16.2016","article-title":"A comparison of visual response properties in the lateral geniculate nucleus and primary visual cortex of awake and anesthetized mice","volume":"36","author":"Durand","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00227.2016","article-title":"Shared and distinct retinal input to the mouse superior colliculus and dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus","volume":"116","author":"Ellis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1966.sp008107","article-title":"The contrast sensitivity of retinal ganglion cells of the cat","volume":"187","author":"Enroth-Cugell","year":"1966","journal-title":"The Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2014.10.045","article-title":"Effects of locomotion extend throughout the mouse early visual system","volume":"24","author":"Erisken","year":"2014","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.05.001","article-title":"Olfactory stimulation selectively modulates the OFF pathway in the retina of zebrafish","volume":"79","author":"Esposti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.48779","article-title":"An arbitrary-spectrum spatial visual stimulator for vision research","volume":"8","author":"Franke","year":"2019","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1975.38.5.1140","article-title":"Unit activity in vestibular nucleus of the alert monkey during horizontal angular acceleration and eye movement","volume":"38","author":"Fuchs","year":"1975","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6575","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4298-14.2015","article-title":"Projection-specific characteristics of retinal input to the brain","volume":"35","author":"Gauvain","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.3.000715","article-title":"Adaptive optics retinal imaging in the living mouse eye","volume":"3","author":"Geng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomedical Optics Express"},{"key":"bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1007476","article-title":"Functional diversity among sensory neurons from efficient coding principles","volume":"15","author":"Gjorgjieva","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLOS Computational Biology"},{"key":"bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1149639","article-title":"Rapid neural coding in the retina with relative spike latencies","volume":"319","author":"Gollisch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.12.009","article-title":"Eye smarter than scientists believed: neural computations in circuits of the retina","volume":"65","author":"Gollisch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2140","article-title":"Population imaging of ongoing neuronal activity in the visual cortex of awake rats","volume":"11","author":"Greenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(70)86308-1","article-title":"Dark current and photocurrent in retinal rods","volume":"10","author":"Hagins","year":"1970","journal-title":"Biophysical Journal"},{"key":"bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11665","article-title":"Inhibition dominates sensory responses in the awake cortex","volume":"493","author":"Haider","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1938.121.2.400","article-title":"The response of single optic nerve fibers of the vertebrate eye to illumination of the retina","volume":"121","author":"Hartline","year":"1938","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content"},{"key":"bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01761","article-title":"Melanopsin and rod-cone photoreceptive systems account for all major accessory visual functions in mice","volume":"424","author":"Hattar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.322","article-title":"Mask R-CNN","author":"He","year":"2017","unstructured":"He K, Gkioxari G, Dollar P, Girshick R. 2017. Mask R-CNN. 2017 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV."},{"key":"bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aas9160","article-title":"A method for single-neuron chronic recording from the retina in awake mice","volume":"360","author":"Hong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-007-9055-z","article-title":"Contributions of the mouse UV photopigment to the ERG and to vision","volume":"115","author":"Jacobs","year":"2007","journal-title":"Documenta Ophthalmologica. Advances in Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00269","article-title":"Typology and circuitry of suppressed-by-contrast retinal ganglion cells","volume":"12","author":"Jacoby","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199902000-00024","article-title":"Effects of temperature and volatile anesthetics on GABAAReceptors","volume":"90","author":"Jenkins","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00481","article-title":"Non-parametric physiological classification of retinal ganglion cells in the mouse retina","volume":"12","author":"Jouty","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24636","article-title":"Fully integrated silicon probes for high-density recording of neural activity","volume":"551","author":"Jun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00240504","article-title":"The origin of the S (slow) potential in the mammalian Lateral Geniculate Nucleus","volume":"55","author":"Kaplan","year":"1984","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1196-21.2021","article-title":"Effects of light isoflurane anesthesia on organization of direction and orientation selectivity in the superficial layer of the mouse superior colliculus","volume":"42","author":"Kasai","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.10.054","article-title":"Adaptation to background light enables contrast coding at rod bipolar cell synapses","volume":"81","author":"Ke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180091","article-title":"Four alpha ganglion cell types in mouse retina: Function, structure, and molecular signatures","volume":"12","author":"Krieger","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1953.16.1.37","article-title":"Discharge patterns and functional organization of mammalian retina","volume":"16","author":"Kuffler","year":"1953","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/s0959-4388(00)00237-3","article-title":"Energy as a constraint on the coding and processing of sensory information","volume":"11","author":"Laughlin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Neurobiology"},{"key":"bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.09.012","article-title":"Neuromodulation of brain states","volume":"76","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1109\/JRPROC.1959.287207","article-title":"What the frog\u2019s eye tells the frog\u2019s brain","volume":"47","author":"Lettvin","year":"1959","journal-title":"Proceedings of the IRE"},{"key":"bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.04.041","article-title":"A fine-scale functional logic to convergence from retina to thalamus","volume":"173","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.07.065","article-title":"Retinal inputs to the thalamus are selectively gated by arousal","volume":"30","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.12.033","article-title":"Circuit mechanisms of a retinal ganglion cell with stimulus-dependent response latency and activation beyond its dendrites","volume":"27","author":"Mani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.10.002","article-title":"The neuronal organization of the retina","volume":"76","author":"Masland","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1983.49.2.303","article-title":"Correlated firing of cat retinal ganglion cells I Spontaneously active inputs to X- and Y-cells","volume":"49","author":"Mastronarde","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(85)90033-1","article-title":"Two types of cat retinal ganglion cells that are suppressed by contrast","volume":"25","author":"Mastronarde","year":"1985","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"key":"bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2014.00092","article-title":"Robust quantification of orientation selectivity and direction selectivity","volume":"8","author":"Mazurek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neural Circuits"},{"key":"bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0270(94)90030-2","article-title":"Multi-neuronal signals from the retina: acquisition and analysis","volume":"51","author":"Meister","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience Methods"},{"key":"bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05428-z","article-title":"Publisher correction: distinguishing externally from saccade-induced motion in visual cortex","volume":"611","author":"Miura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.03.25.485790","article-title":"Topographic axonal projection at single-cell precision supports local retinotopy in the mouse superior colliculus","volume-title":"bioRxiv","author":"Molotkov","year":"2022"},{"key":"bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.01.033","article-title":"Modulation of visual responses by behavioral state in mouse visual cortex","volume":"65","author":"Niell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.200609490","article-title":"Physiological features of the S- and M-cone photoreceptors of wild-type mice from single-cell recordings","volume":"127","author":"Nikonov","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Journal of General Physiology"},{"key":"bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2018.12.001","article-title":"Evaluation of critical flicker-fusion frequency measurement methods using a touchscreen-based visual temporal discrimination task in the behaving mouse","volume":"148","author":"Nomura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroscience Research"},{"key":"bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2008.10.029","article-title":"ATP consumption by mammalian rod photoreceptors in darkness and in light","volume":"18","author":"Okawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1038\/381607a0","article-title":"Emergence of simple-cell receptive field properties by learning a sparse code for natural images","volume":"381","author":"Olshausen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00360.2015","article-title":"Ambient illumination switches contrast preference of specific retinal processing streams","volume":"114","author":"Pearson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3064","article-title":"Decorrelation and efficient coding by retinal ganglion cells","volume":"15","author":"Pitkow","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5903","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1147-05.2005","article-title":"Anesthetics change the excitation\/inhibition balance that governs sensory processing in the cat superior colliculus","volume":"25","author":"Populin","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9728","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2008-18.2018","article-title":"Pathway-Specific Asymmetries between ON and OFF Visual Signals","volume":"38","author":"Ravi","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2014.00191","article-title":"Preferential effect of isoflurane on top-down vs. bottom-up pathways in sensory cortex","volume":"8","author":"Raz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2005.11.008","article-title":"The centrifugal visual system of vertebrates: A comparative analysis of its functional anatomical organization","volume":"52","author":"Rep\u00e9rant","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Research Reviews"},{"key":"bib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1986.56.2.261","article-title":"Encoding timing and intensity in the ventral cochlear nucleus of the cat","volume":"56","author":"Rhode","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"bib80","volume-title":"Spikes: Exploring the Neural Code","author":"Rieke","year":"1997"},{"key":"bib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.01.040","article-title":"Mouse dLGN receives functional input from a diverse population of retinal ganglion cells with limited convergence","volume":"102","author":"Rom\u00e1n Ros\u00f3n","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bib82","article-title":"Phy: interactive visualization and manual spike sorting of large-scale Ephys data","volume-title":"GitHub","author":"Rossant","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rossant C. 2020. Phy: interactive visualization and manual spike sorting of large-scale Ephys data. GitHub. https:\/\/github.com\/cortex-lab\/phy."},{"key":"bib83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1903521","article-title":"Rate versus level functions for auditory-nerve fibers in cats: tone-burst stimuli","volume":"56","author":"Sachs","year":"1974","journal-title":"The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"bib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523805225142","article-title":"Stimulus size and intensity alter fundamental receptive-field properties of mouse retinal ganglion cells in vivo","volume":"22","author":"Sagdullaev","year":"2005","journal-title":"Visual Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0255-5","article-title":"Natural image and receptive field statistics predict saccade sizes","volume":"21","author":"Samonds","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-071714-034120","article-title":"The types of retinal ganglion cells: current status and implications for neuronal classification","volume":"38","author":"Sanes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annual Review of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.04.026","article-title":"Arousal Modulates Retinal Output","volume":"107","author":"Schr\u00f6der","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bib88","volume-title":"Retinal Computation","author":"Schwartz","year":"2021"},{"key":"bib89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3798","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00923.2014","article-title":"Awake vs. anesthetized: layer-specific sensory processing in visual cortex and functional connectivity between cortical areas","volume":"113","author":"Sellers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"bib90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.07.054","article-title":"Comprehensive classification of retinal bipolar neurons by single-cell transcriptomics","volume":"166","author":"Shekhar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"bib91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32775-2","article-title":"High-density electrode recordings reveal strong and specific connections between retinal ganglion cells and midbrain neurons","volume":"13","author":"Sibille","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"bib92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.08.005","article-title":"Paradoxical rules of spike train decoding revealed at the sensitivity limit of vision","volume":"104","author":"Smeds","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bib93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00021.2004","article-title":"The retinal pigment epithelium in visual function","volume":"85","author":"Strauss","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physiological Reviews"},{"key":"bib94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51756-y","article-title":"Response latency tuning by retinal circuits modulates signal efficiency","volume":"9","author":"Teng\u00f6lics","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"bib95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6091","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4848-06.2007","article-title":"Transformation of temporal properties between auditory midbrain and cortex in the awake Mongolian gerbil","volume":"27","author":"Ter-Mikaelian","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10815","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1521-15.2015","article-title":"Genetically identified suppressed-by-contrast retinal ganglion cells reliably signal self-generated visual stimuli","volume":"35","author":"Tien","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3891","article-title":"Retinal output changes qualitatively with every change in ambient illuminance","volume":"18","author":"Tikidji-Hamburyan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0181-18.2018","article-title":"Visual temporal contrast sensitivity in the behaving mouse shares fundamental properties with human psychophysics","volume":"5","author":"Umino","year":"2018","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"key":"bib99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00138.2013","article-title":"Spatial integration in mouse primary visual cortex","volume":"110","author":"Vaiceliunaite","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"bib100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523809990137","article-title":"Receptive field properties of ON- and OFF-ganglion cells in the mouse retina","volume":"26","author":"van Wyk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Visual Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00235","article-title":"Shared and differential retinal responses against optic nerve injury and ocular hypertension","volume":"11","author":"Vidal-Sanz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0254611","article-title":"Feedback from retinal ganglion cells to the inner retina","volume":"16","author":"Vlasiuk","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"bib103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mex.2016.05.002","article-title":"Touch-free measurement of body temperature using close-up thermography of the ocular surface","volume":"3","author":"Vogel","year":"2016","journal-title":"MethodsX"},{"key":"bib104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7670","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0629-11.2011","article-title":"Spectral and temporal sensitivity of cone-mediated responses in mouse retinal ganglion cells","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1316166111","article-title":"Cumulative latency advance underlies fast visual processing in desynchronized brain state","volume":"111","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00240021","article-title":"Neural coding in the chick cochlear nucleus","volume":"166","author":"Warchol","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Comparative Physiology. A, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology"},{"key":"bib107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2336","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1997.78.5.2336","article-title":"Decoding visual information from a population of retinal ganglion cells","volume":"78","author":"Warland","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"bib108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.01.016","article-title":"Inhomogeneous encoding of the visual field in the mouse retina","volume":"28","author":"Warwick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"bib109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00929.2006","article-title":"Retinogeniculate transmission in wakefulness","volume":"98","author":"Weyand","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"bib110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185759","article-title":"Functional connectivity structure of cortical calcium dynamics in anesthetized and awake mice","volume":"12","author":"Wright","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"bib111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10584","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1187-16.2016","article-title":"Maturation of spontaneous firing properties after hearing onset in rat auditory nerve fibers: spontaneous rates, refractoriness, and interfiber correlations","volume":"36","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5177","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0471-20.2020","article-title":"Mouse retinal cell atlas: molecular identification of over sixty amacrine cell types","volume":"40","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.34518","article-title":"A spike sorting toolbox for up to thousands of electrodes validated with ground truth recordings in vitro and in vivo","volume":"7","author":"Yger","year":"2018","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"bib114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2415","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01043.2012","article-title":"Imaging light responses of retinal ganglion cells in the living mouse eye","volume":"109","author":"Yin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"bib115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6596","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4438-13.2014","article-title":"Imaging light responses of foveal ganglion cells in the living macaque eye","volume":"34","author":"Yin","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004320","article-title":"Identification of retinal ganglion cells and their projections involved in central transmission of information about upward and downward image motion","volume":"4","author":"Yonehara","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"bib117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2645","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-07-02645.2003","article-title":"Different circuits for ON and OFF retinal ganglion cells cause different contrast sensitivities","volume":"23","author":"Zaghloul","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.08.037","article-title":"Visual cortex modulates the magnitude but not the selectivity of looming-evoked responses in the superior colliculus of awake mice","volume":"84","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"bib119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9192","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6193-10.2011","article-title":"First spike latency code for interaural phase difference discrimination in the guinea pig inferior colliculus","volume":"31","author":"Zohar","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"}],"container-title":["eLife"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/cdn.elifesciences.org\/articles\/78005\/elife-78005-v1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/cdn.elifesciences.org\/articles\/78005\/elife-78005-v1.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/elifesciences.org\/articles\/78005","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]],"date-time":"2023-11-03T12:30:54Z","timestamp":1699014654000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/elifesciences.org\/articles\/78005"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]]},"references-count":119,"alternative-id":["10.7554\/eLife.78005"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.78005","archive":["CLOCKSS"],"relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2022.02.15.480512","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2022.02.15.480512","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2022.02.15.480512","asserted-by":"object"}],"references":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5281\/zenodo.5057577","asserted-by":"subject"}],"is-supplemented-by":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5061\/dryad.5x69p8d52","asserted-by":"subject"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.78005.sa2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.78005.sa0","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.78005.sa1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2050-084X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-084X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"single anonymised","name":"peer_review_transparency","label":"Peer review transparency","group":{"name":"peer_review_taxonomy"}},{"value":"other reviewer(s), editor","name":"peer_review_interaction","label":"Peer review interaction","group":{"name":"peer_review_taxonomy"}},{"value":"review summaries, review reports, author\/editor communication, reviewer identities reviewer opt in, editor identities","name":"peer_review_published","label":"Peer review published","group":{"name":"peer_review_taxonomy"}},{"value":"open (sign in with ORCID iD required)","name":"post_publication_commenting","label":"Post publication commenting","group":{"name":"post_publication_commenting"}}],"article-number":"e78005"}}