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Here, we used male and female rats to expand on the previous work by focusing on neural changes in the dmPFC and VTA that were associated with the learning of probabilistic punishment, and anxiolytic treatment with diazepam after learning. We find that adaptive neural responses of dmPFC and VTA during the learning of anxiogenic contingencies are independent from the punisher experience and occur primarily during the peri-action and reward period. Our results also identify peri-action ramping of VTA neural calcium activity, and VTA-dmPFC correlated activity, as potential markers for the anxiolytic properties of diazepam.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.78912","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]],"date-time":"2022-09-14T06:15:16Z","timestamp":1663136116000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.78912","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Learning of probabilistic punishment as a model of anxiety produces changes in action but not punisher encoding in the dmPFC and VTA"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3560-7307","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David S","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/009avj582","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University","place":["Portland, United 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