{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:46:35Z","timestamp":1785422795999,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]],"date-time":"2022-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]],"date-time":"2022-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662422400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]],"date-time":"2022-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662422400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I001322N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I001322N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I000321N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I000321N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004040","name":"KU Leuven","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KA\/20\/085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KA\/20\/085"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004040","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004040","name":"KU Leuven","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IDN\/19\/039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IDN\/19\/039"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004040","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Senior Clinical Investigator fellowship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Senior Clinical Investigator fellowship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G066322N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G066322N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004040","name":"KU Leuven","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C24M\/21\/028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C24M\/21\/028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004040","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022601","name":"Queen Elisabeth Medical Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022601","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004727","name":"Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Unrestricted grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Unrestricted grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004727","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G0B7620N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G0B7620N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elifesciences.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding the lower urinary tract (LUT) and development of highly needed novel therapies to treat LUT disorders depends on accurate techniques to monitor LUT (dys)function in preclinical models. We recently developed videocystometry in rodents, which combines intravesical pressure measurements with X-ray-based fluoroscopy of the LUT, allowing the in vivo analysis of the process of urine storage and voiding with unprecedented detail. Videocystometry relies on the precise contrast-based determination of the bladder volume at high temporal resolution, which can readily be achieved in anesthetized or otherwise motion-restricted mice but not in awake and freely moving animals. To overcome this limitation, we developed a machine-learning method, in which we trained a neural network to automatically detect the bladder in fluoroscopic images, allowing the automatic analysis of bladder filling and voiding cycles based on large sets of time-lapse fluoroscopic images (&gt;3 hr at 30 images\/s) from behaving mice and in a noninvasive manner. With this approach, we found that urethane, an injectable anesthetic that is commonly used in preclinical urological research, has a profound, dose-dependent effect on urethral relaxation and voiding duration. Moreover, both in awake and in anesthetized mice, the bladder capacity was decreased ~fourfold when cystometry was performed acutely after surgical implantation of a suprapubic catheter. Our findings provide a paradigm for the noninvasive, in vivo monitoring of a hollow organ in behaving animals and pinpoint important limitations of the current gold standard techniques to study the LUT in mice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.79378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]],"date-time":"2022-09-06T05:15:16Z","timestamp":1662441316000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.79378","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Machine learning-assisted fluoroscopy of bladder function in awake mice"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7072-4181","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Helene","family":"De Bruyn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/045c7t348","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Laboratory of Ion Channel Research (LICR), VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research","place":["Leuven, Belgium"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05f950310","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven","place":["Leuven, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1176-7277","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nikky","family":"Corthout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/045c7t348","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"VIB BioImaging Core \u2013 VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, KU Leuven Neuroscience Department","place":["Leuven, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5182-5358","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Munck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/045c7t348","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"VIB BioImaging Core \u2013 VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, KU Leuven Neuroscience Department","place":["Leuven, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3157-7115","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wouter","family":"Everaerts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05f950310","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Laboratory of Organ System, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven","place":["Leuven, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5526-5821","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thomas","family":"Voets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/045c7t348","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Laboratory of Ion Channel Research (LICR), VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research","place":["Leuven, Belgium"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05f950310","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven","place":["Leuven, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.21180","article-title":"Functional characterization of a chronic cyclophosphamide-induced overactive bladder model in mice","volume":"30","author":"Boudes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurourology and Urodynamics"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1016\/s0024-3205(01)01182-1","article-title":"Effects of anesthesia on cystometry and leak point pressure of the female rat","volume":"69","author":"Cannon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Life Sciences"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(95)00212-9","article-title":"Effect of capsaicin on micturition and associated reflexes in chronic spinal rats","volume":"678","author":"Cheng","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2008.04.001","article-title":"Influence of genetic background and gender on bladder function in the mouse","volume":"140","author":"Cornelissen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Autonomic Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.2307\/1932409","article-title":"Measures of the amount of ecologic association between species","volume":"26","author":"Dice","year":"1945","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1258\/002367788780746331","article-title":"Hazards of urethane (ethyl carbamate): A review of the literature","volume":"22","author":"Field","year":"1988","journal-title":"Laboratory Animals"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abi6821","article-title":"X-ray videocystometry for high-speed monitoring of urinary tract function in mice","volume":"7","author":"Franken","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science Advances"},{"key":"bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00049","article-title":"Muro-neuro-urodynamics; A review of the functional assessment of mouse lower urinary tract function","volume":"8","author":"Ito","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physiology"},{"key":"bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R752","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00450.2015","article-title":"Characterization of bladder and external urethral activity in mice with or without spinal cord injury--a comparison study with rats","volume":"310","author":"Kadekawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology"},{"key":"bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01952426","article-title":"Suitability of urethane anesthesia for physiopharmacological investigations in various systems Part 1: General considerations","volume":"42","author":"Maggi","year":"1986","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/55588","article-title":"Evaluating the procedure for performing awake cystometry in a mouse model","volume":"1","author":"Mann-Gow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Visualized Experiments"},{"key":"bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1520-6777(2000)19:1<87::aid-nau9>3.0.co;2-o","article-title":"Effect of anesthetics on reflex micturition in the chronic cannula-implanted rat","volume":"19","author":"Matsuura","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurourology and Urodynamics"},{"key":"bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F339","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.2000.278.3.F339","article-title":"Renal physiology of the mouse","volume":"278","author":"Meneton","year":"2000","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology"},{"key":"bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.22970","article-title":"Bladder telemetry: A new approach to evaluate micturition behavior under physiological and inflammatory conditions","volume":"36","author":"Monjotin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurourology and Urodynamics"},{"key":"bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patter.2020.100040","article-title":"BIAFLOWS: A collaborative framework to reproducibly deploy and benchmark bioimage analysis workflows","volume":"1","author":"Rubens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Patterns"},{"key":"bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019","article-title":"Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schindelin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature Methods"},{"key":"bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/3869","article-title":"The use of cystometry in small rodents: A study of bladder chemosensation","volume":"1","author":"Uvin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Visualized Experiments"},{"key":"bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-021-01205-4","article-title":"DOME: recommendations for supervised machine learning validation in biology","volume":"18","author":"Walsh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Methods"},{"key":"bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00663","article-title":"Simultaneous measurement of neuronal activity in the pontine micturition center and cystometry in freely moving mice","volume":"13","author":"Yao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"}],"container-title":["eLife"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/cdn.elifesciences.org\/articles\/79378\/elife-79378-v2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/cdn.elifesciences.org\/articles\/79378\/elife-79378-v2.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/elifesciences.org\/articles\/79378","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T21:22:08Z","timestamp":1697059328000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/elifesciences.org\/articles\/79378"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]]},"references-count":19,"alternative-id":["10.7554\/eLife.79378"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.79378","archive":["CLOCKSS"],"relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2022.04.12.488006","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2022.04.12.488006","asserted-by":"object"}],"is-supplemented-by":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.6084\/m9.figshare.19826050.v1","asserted-by":"subject"}],"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.79378.sa2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.79378.sa1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7554\/eLife.79378.sa0","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2050-084X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-084X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"single anonymised","name":"peer_review_transparency","label":"Peer review transparency","group":{"name":"peer_review_taxonomy"}},{"value":"other reviewer(s), editor","name":"peer_review_interaction","label":"Peer review interaction","group":{"name":"peer_review_taxonomy"}},{"value":"review summaries, review reports, author\/editor communication, reviewer identities reviewer opt in, editor identities","name":"peer_review_published","label":"Peer review published","group":{"name":"peer_review_taxonomy"}},{"value":"open (sign in with ORCID iD required)","name":"post_publication_commenting","label":"Post publication commenting","group":{"name":"post_publication_commenting"}}],"article-number":"e79378"}}