{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T13:38:22Z","timestamp":1791725902361,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666828800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666828800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201433\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201433\/Z\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["64809"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["64809"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022674","name":"Victor Daitz Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022674","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology","award":["open access funding"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["open access funding"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elifesciences.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"abs1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HIV infection dysregulates the B cell compartment, affecting memory B cell formation and the antibody response to infection and vaccination. Understanding the B cell response to SARS-CoV-2 in people living with HIV (PLWH) may explain the increased morbidity, reduced vaccine efficacy, reduced clearance, and intra-host evolution of SARS-CoV-2 observed in some HIV-1 coinfections.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We compared B cell responses to COVID-19 in PLWH and HIV negative (HIV-ve) patients in a cohort recruited in Durban, South Africa, during the first pandemic wave in July 2020 using detailed flow cytometry phenotyping of longitudinal samples with markers of B cell maturation, homing, and regulatory features.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This revealed a coordinated B cell response to COVID-19 that differed significantly between HIV-ve and PLWH. Memory B cells in PLWH displayed evidence of reduced germinal centre (GC) activity, homing capacity, and class-switching responses, with increased PD-L1 expression, and decreased Tfh frequency. This was mirrored by increased extrafollicular (EF) activity, with dynamic changes in activated double negative (DN2) and activated na\u00efve B cells, which correlated with anti-RBD-titres in these individuals. An elevated SARS-CoV-2-specific EF response in PLWH was confirmed using viral spike and RBD bait proteins.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite similar disease severity, these trends were highest in participants with uncontrolled HIV, implicating HIV in driving these changes. EF B cell responses are rapid but give rise to lower affinity antibodies, less durable long-term memory, and reduced capacity to adapt to new variants. Further work is needed to determine the long-term effects of HIV on SARS-CoV-2 immunity, particularly as new variants emerge.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs5\">\n                    <jats:title>Funding:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This work was supported by a grant from the Wellcome Trust to the Africa Health Research Institute (Wellcome Trust Strategic Core Award [grant number 201433\/Z\/16\/Z]). Additional funding was received from the South African Department of Science and Innovation through the National Research Foundation (South African Research Chairs Initiative [grant number 64809]), and the Victor Daitz Foundation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.79924","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T08:02:30Z","timestamp":1666857750000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.79924","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["HIV skews the SARS-CoV-2 B cell response towards an extrafollicular maturation pathway"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1558-0397","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Robert","family":"Krause","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/034m6ke32","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Africa Health Research Institute","place":["Durban, South 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