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Previously (Hwang et al., 2021), we reported that lesions to network hubs in the human thalamus are associated with multi-domain behavioral impairments in language, memory, and executive functions. Here, we show how task-evoked thalamic activity is organized to support these broad cognitive abilities. We analyzed functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data from human subjects that performed 127 tasks encompassing a broad range of cognitive representations. We first investigated the spatial organization of task-evoked activity and found a basis set of activity patterns evoked to support processing needs of each task. Specifically, the anterior, medial, and posterior-medial thalamus exhibit hub-like activity profiles that are suggestive of broad functional participation. These thalamic task hubs overlapped with network hubs interlinking cortical systems. To further determine the cognitive relevance of thalamic activity and thalamocortical functional connectivity, we built a data-driven thalamocortical model to test whether thalamic activity can be used to predict cortical task activity. The thalamocortical model predicted task-specific cortical activity patterns, and outperformed comparison models built on cortical, hippocampal, and striatal regions. Simulated lesions to low-dimensional, multi-task thalamic hub regions impaired task activity prediction. This simulation result was further supported by profiles of neuropsychological impairments in human patients with focal thalamic lesions. In summary, our results suggest a general organizational principle of how the human thalamocortical system supports cognitive task activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.81282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]],"date-time":"2022-12-20T08:01:25Z","timestamp":1671523285000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.81282","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Thalamocortical contributions to cognitive task activity"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1064-7815","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kai","family":"Hwang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/036jqmy94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa","place":["Iowa City, United States"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/036jqmy94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Cognitive Control Collaborative, University of Iowa","place":["Iowa City, United States"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/036jqmy94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa","place":["Iowa City, United States"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/036jqmy94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa","place":["Iowa City, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1762-5499","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"James M","family":"Shine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0384j8v12","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Brain and Mind Center, University of Sydney","place":["Sydney, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4329-438X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael W","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05vt9qd57","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University-Newark","place":["Newark, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evan","family":"Sorenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/036jqmy94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa","place":["Iowa City, United States"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/036jqmy94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Cognitive Control Collaborative, University of Iowa","place":["Iowa City, United States"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/036jqmy94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa","place":["Iowa City, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4361","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhaa023","article-title":"A domain-general cognitive core defined in multimodally parcellated human cortex","volume":"30","author":"Assem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2017.11.005","article-title":"Frontal cortex and the hierarchical control of behavior","volume":"22","author":"Badre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-021-00948-9","article-title":"A data-driven framework for mapping domains of human neurobiology","volume":"24","author":"Beam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.04.042","article-title":"A component based noise correction method (compcor) for BOLD and perfusion based fMRI","volume":"37","author":"Behzadi","year":"2007","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E6798","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1510619112","article-title":"The modular and integrative functional architecture of the human brain","volume":"112","author":"Bertolero","year":"2015","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-018-0420-6","article-title":"A mechanistic model of connector hubs, modularity and cognition","volume":"2","author":"Bertolero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"},{"key":"bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-018-0002-7","article-title":"The basal ganglia and the cerebellum: nodes in an integrated network","volume":"19","author":"Bostan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. 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