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However, proximal and distal limb segments may evolve differently from one another, reflecting an anatomical gradient of functional specialization that has been suggested to be impacted by the timing of development. Here, we explore whether the temporal sequence of bone condensation predicts variation in the capacity of evolution to generate morphological diversity in proximal and distal forelimb segments across more than 600 species of mammals. Distal elements not only exhibit greater shape diversity, but also show stronger within-element integration and, on average, faster evolutionary responses than intermediate and upper limb segments. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that late developing distal bones display greater morphological variation than more proximal limb elements. However, the higher integration observed within the autopod deviates from such developmental predictions, suggesting that functional specialization plays an important role in driving within-element covariation. Proximal and distal limb segments also show different macroevolutionary patterns, albeit not showing a perfect proximo-distal gradient. The high disparity of the mammalian autopod, reported here, is consistent with the higher potential of development to generate variation in more distal limb structures, as well as functional specialization of the distal elements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.81492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]],"date-time":"2023-01-26T06:00:26Z","timestamp":1674712826000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.81492","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Mammalian forelimb evolution is driven by uneven proximal-to-distal morphological diversity"],"prefix":"10.7554","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3017-6528","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Priscila S","family":"Rothier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03wkt5x30","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"D\u00e9partement Adaptations du Vivant, Mus\u00e9um National d'Histoire Naturelle","place":["Paris, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Claire","family":"Fabre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0066mva78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Naturhistorisches Museum Bern","place":["Bern, Switzerland"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02k7v4d05","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern","place":["Bern, Switzerland"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/039zvsn29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Life Sciences Department, Vertebrates Division, Natural History Museum","place":["London, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julien","family":"Clavel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/039zvsn29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Life Sciences Department, Vertebrates Division, Natural History Museum","place":["London, United Kingdom"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/029brtt94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023","place":["Villeurbanne, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger BJ","family":"Benson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/052gg0110","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford","place":["Oxford, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Herrel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03wkt5x30","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"D\u00e9partement Adaptations du Vivant, Mus\u00e9um National d'Histoire Naturelle","place":["Paris, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4374","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2724","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.14614","article-title":"Evolutionary rates and shape variation along the anuran vertebral column with attention to phylogeny, body size, and ecology","volume":"76","author":"Adler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evolution; 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